This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

mHealth in a Clinical Setting (615) mHealth for Data Collection and Research (955) Nutrition, Physical Activity, Healthy Lifestyle for Cancer Patients and Survivors (138) Mobile Apps for Cancer Care and Cancer Prevention and Screening (206)

Published on in Vol 6, No 5 (2018): May

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/9363, first published .
Development and Validation of a Multidisciplinary Mobile Care System for Patients With Advanced Gastrointestinal Cancer: Interventional Observation Study

Development and Validation of a Multidisciplinary Mobile Care System for Patients With Advanced Gastrointestinal Cancer: Interventional Observation Study

Development and Validation of a Multidisciplinary Mobile Care System for Patients With Advanced Gastrointestinal Cancer: Interventional Observation Study

Authors of this article:

Ji Yeong Soh1 Author Orcid Image ;   Won Chul Cha1 Author Orcid Image ;   Dong Kyung Chang1 Author Orcid Image ;   Ji Hye Hwang2 Author Orcid Image ;   Kihyung Kim1 Author Orcid Image ;   Miyong Rha3 Author Orcid Image ;   Hee Kwon4 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (23) Tweetations (3) Metrics

    Original Paper

    1Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Department of Digital Health, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic Of Korea

    2Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic Of Korea

    3Department of Dietetics, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic Of Korea

    4LifeSemantics Corp, Seoul, Republic Of Korea

    Corresponding Author:

    Won Chul Cha, MD

    Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology

    Department of Digital Health

    Sungkyunkwan University

    Gangnam-gu

    81, Irwon-ro

    Seoul,

    Republic Of Korea

    Phone: 82 10 5386 6597

    Email: wc.cha@samsung.com


    Background: Mobile health apps have emerged as supportive tools in the management of advanced cancers. However, only a few apps have self-monitoring features, and they are not standardized and validated.

    Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate a multidisciplinary mobile care system with self-monitoring features that can be useful for patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer.

    Methods: The development of the multidisciplinary mobile health management system was divided into 3 steps. First, the service scope was set up, and the measurement tools were standardized. Second, the service flow of the mobile care system was organized. Third, the mobile app (Life Manager) was developed. The app was developed to achieve 3 major clinical goals: support for quality of life, nutrition, and rehabilitation. Three main functional themes were developed to achieve clinical goals: a to-do list, health education, and in-app chat. Thirteen clinically oriented measures were included: the modified Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events questionnaire, Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), distress, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire, International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form, Low anterior resection syndrome score, satisfaction rate, etc. To validate the system, a prospective observational study was conducted. Patients with gastric cancer or colon cancer undergoing chemotherapy were recruited. We followed the subjects for 12 weeks, and selected clinical measures were taken online and offline.

    Results: After the development process, a multidisciplinary app, the Life Manager, was launched. For evaluation, 203 patients were recruited for the study, of whom 101 (49.8%) had gastric cancer, and 102 (50.2%) were receiving palliative care. Most patients were in their fifties (35.5%), and 128 (63.1%) were male. Overall, 176 subjects (86.7%) completed the study. Among subjects who dropped out, the most common reason was the change of patient’s clinical condition (51.9%). During the study period, subjects received multiple health education sessions. For the gastric cancer group, the “general gastric cancer education” was most frequently viewed (322 times), and for the colon cancer group, the “warming-up exercise” was most viewed (340 times). Of 13 measurements taken from subjects, 9 were taken offline (response rate: 52.0% to 90.1%), and 3 were taken online (response rate: 17.6% to 57.4%). The overall satisfaction rate among subjects was favorable and ranged from 3.93 (SD 0.88) to 4.01 (SD 0.87) on the 5-point Likert scale.

    Conclusions: A multidisciplinary mobile care system for patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer was developed with clinically oriented measures. A prospective study was performed for its evaluation, which showed favorable satisfaction.

    JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018;6(5):e115

    doi:10.2196/mhealth.9363

    Keywords

    mobile health; health apps; mobile phone; mobile care system 


    Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide. It is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality with approximately 14 million new cases in 2012. Moreover, cancer accounted for 8.8 million deaths in 2015 and is the number 1 cause of death in Korea [1]. Although the survival rate of cancer has increased due to the advancement of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, the majority of patients still suffer from numerous physical, psychological, and social difficulties [2,3]. Chemotherapy is the most common treatment modality for patients with advanced cancer. Although these treatments can improve the survival of patients, quality of life remains poor because of the adverse effects of the treatments [4-6].

    Lifestyle modification, good nutritional status, and appropriate exercise are extremely important because they mitigate treatment effects and the morbidity, mortality, and quality of life of patients [7]. However, most patients fail to acquire sufficient information that is applicable to daily living [8]. Moreover, patients rarely use tools to report subjective information such as pain, fatigue, anorexia, and distress [9,10].

    Mobile health apps have emerged as supportive tools in the management of cancer. A well-established health app can be beneficial for patients with cancer because it reduces financial burden, provides access to information, and facilitates communication [11-13]. However, only a few apps have self-monitoring features, and they often lack standardized validation in terms of benefits, acceptance, costs, and risks [14-16]. In order to set up a clinically validated service, a multidisciplinary team of health care experts must be involved in all stages of the design of the app architecture [17].

    This study aimed to develop and validate a multidisciplinary mobile care system that can provide health education and self-management features to improve multiple clinical measures for patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer.


    Overview

    This study comprised a development phase (May 2016 to October 2017) and a validation phase (September 2016 to December 2017). The study was approved by the institutional review board of the study site (2016-05-010).

    System Development

    In this study, the establishment of a mobile health management system comprised 3 steps: (1) establishment of the service scope and standardization of the measurement tools, (2) organization of service process, and (3) development of the mobile app (Life Manager).

    Establishment of the Service Scope and Standardization of the Measurement Tools

    For the preparation of the multidisciplinary mobile care system and service flow, scope of service was established, and the health care users were identified. Health care professionals (N=13) were recruited from a comprehensive cancer center in Seoul. Medical professionals including 6 gastrointestinal oncologists, a specialist oncology nurse, 2 oncology rehabilitation physicians, 2 nutrition specialists, a cancer education specialist, and a customer relationship manager expert joined the team. In multiple rounds of meetings, the team agreed on the final selection of clinically measurable outcomes with 3 major clinical goals: quality of life, supporting rehabilitation, and improving nutritional state (Table 1).

    In addition, we reviewed nutritional assessment tools such as the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Consensus Statement [18-20] and quality of life tools such as the Medical Outcome Study Short Form–36 and EuroQol-5 dimension [20,21]. The following measures were consequently selected based on their feasibility and reliability.

    For online measurements, the Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE) [22-24], nutritional survey, and rehabilitation survey were collated. The Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) is maintained by the US National Cancer Institute. The CTCAE for each item represents a discrete event that is graded for severity on a 5-point scale based on clinical criteria.

    For offline measurements, 9 indices were included. For quality of life, the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-30) was included. It was developed to assess the health-related quality of life of cancer patients and has been validated in various studies. Distress is a frequent symptom patients suffer from during their journey with cancer and has been a major focus recently, and thus distress was included as a quality measurement [25,26]. For the nutritional goal, the Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) was included. It is already used internationally as a reference method for proactive risk assessment (screening), assessment, monitoring, and triaging for interventions in patients with cancer [27]. For rehabilitation, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form (IPAQ-SF), Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (LARS) score, and Brief Fatigue Inventory–Korean (BFI-K) were chosen as measurements [28-32].

    Organization of Service Process

    To complete the multidisciplinary mobile care system, the service protocol must be clearly defined. The service protocol consists of an offline and online protocol. The service protocol consists of offline care flow (face-to-face–based care flow) and online care flow (mobile-based care flow). Our primary goal in the clinical service protocol is to create an optimal mobile health demonstration model that can be followed by anyone.

    The offline service flow was designed not to interfere with the preexisting clinical process. The online service was carefully organized so that the same treatment goal can be achieved with the offline service. To date, the service flow of the mobile care system with clinical basis has been meticulously established based on literature review and expert opinion (Figure 1).

    Table 1. Measurements of clinical outcome and system performance of the Life Manager.
    GoalsOnline measurementsOffline measurements
    Quality of lifeModified PRO-CTCAEaEORTC QLQ-STO22b (gastric)

    		—EORTC QLQ-CR38c (colon)

    		—EORTC QLQ-30d

    		—Distress
    NutritionNutrition surveyScored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment
    RehabilitationRehabilitation surveyInternational Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form (gastric)

    		—Low Anterior Resection Syndrome score (colon)

    		—Brief Fatigue Inventory–Korean
    Satisfaction—Satisfaction survey

    aPRO-CTCAE: Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events.

    bEORTC QLQ-STO22: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire–Gastric module.

    cEORTC QLQ-CR38: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire–Colorectal module.

    dEORTC QLQ-30: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire.

    ‎
    Figure 1. User service diagram. Patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer are able to use this care service for 12 weeks. The user can receive comprehensive care service from health providers (medical doctors, nurses, nutritionists, and rehabilitation specialists).
    View this figure

    Development of the Mobile App (Life Manager)

    System Architecture

    The core function of the mobile health app was established by gathering opinions from various health care professionals. Technicians and developers designed an architecture model to functionally support those main themes selected by the clinical part members.

    The number of steps through the activity tracker, body temperature, and weight are collected in the patient app via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and manual input. The collected information was recorded automatically and checked on the administrator webpage. It was used by health providers to design clinical interventions. For security, personal information was stored as unidentified code, and the OAuth 2.0 protocol, a standardized security method, was used [7] (Figure 2).

    Designing the User Interface

    The main themes, including the core function of the mobile app, aimed to maintain the quality of care even if the patient is outside of the hospital. It uses a standard health domain to provide a high level of clinical evidence based on the services provided by various clinical professionals. The mobile app comprised 3 main themes. Figure 3 shows the main functions implemented on each screen.

    The Final App

    Three main application themes were used. First, the To-Do list theme was used. When the patient installs the Life Manager app and logs in, they first see the To-Do list screen. The patient can check the Daily tasks on this screen. The user can see the core function of the mobile questionnaire (PRO-CTCAE) and feedback contents; check the medications to be taken, achievement in walking exercise, and schedule of a hospital visit in the screen; and measure temperature and weight. When the patient completes the daily task, the color of the task screen changes to confirm the achievement rate of the patient.

    Second, the Health education theme was used, which addresses common questions that patients have. The common contents of this theme include drug information, general side effects, and countermeasures against the side effects of chemotherapy. Third, the In-app chat service theme was used, which can facilitate communication with experts anytime and anywhere (Figure 4).

    Activity information is measured through the wearable device that is linked to the app via Bluetooth. The step counts and calorie expenditure are recorded in real time. The log file is presented in the form of a statistical graph in the management system, and the patient’s health record can be used for checking using the Life Manager app. Health data that are automatically collected from the wearable device and health data that are manually entered by an individual are recorded from the Life Manager’s server to its platform. Collection and life log are encrypted by the Life Manager platform and then processed for transmission.

    ‎
    Figure 2. System architecture of Life Manager. Data from patients were collected through the app and processed with predesigned rules. API: application programming interface.
    View this figure
    ‎
    Figure 3. General concept of the Life Manager. The app has 3 main screens. Screen 1 shows the To-Do list theme, screen 2 depicts the Health education theme, and screen 3 shows the Telecommunication (In-app chat) theme. PRO-CTCAE: Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events.
    View this figure
    ‎
    Figure 4. Main screen of the Life Manager app. Image on the right is an actual screen capture from the app, while image on the left is its translation to English. After patients log in to the app, they can first see the To-Do list screen. Patients can check the Daily tasks on this screen, which can be changed every day depending on the condition of the users.
    View this figure
    Validation of the System
    Study Design and Setting

    We carried out a single-center prospective descriptive study to validate the system. The site of the study was a tertiary academic center with 2000 inpatient beds. There are approximately 8000 outpatient visits and 200 emergency visits per day.

    Study Participants

    Patients with gastric cancer and colon cancer were the main subjects of the study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: colon or gastric cancer diagnosis, underwent surgery for the cancer diagnosis, receiving chemotherapy for the cancer, have an Android mobile phone version 4.3 or higher, aged older than 18 years, and consented to participate in the study.

    The exclusion criteria were as follows: not eligible for offline follow-up (eg, home very far away), active Do Not Attempt Resuscitation order, confusion or altered mental status, and could not follow the instructions of the study coordinators at the initial demonstration.

    Outcome and Measurements

    The primary outcome was systemic measurement of subject satisfaction. The secondary outcome was response rate to the clinical measurements described in Table 1. Subject demographic data along with information regarding disease status and treatment plan were also gathered.

    Statistical Analysis

    A simple descriptive analysis was performed to observe the outcome. The outcome was described based on patient cancer types.


    Characteristics of Study Participants

    A total of 203 participants were recruited for the study, 101 and 102 of whom had gastric and colon cancer, respectively. There were more males than females. While 55.4% (56/101) of gastric cancer patients were receiving adjuvant therapy, 44.6% (45/101) were on palliative treatment. For colon cancer, the adjuvant group comprised 44.1% (45/102), and the palliative group comprised 55.9% (57/102; Table 2).

    Participant Completion Rate and Response Rate for Each Measurement

    Completion was defined if a subject could respond to all of the offline surveys. Overall, 176 out of 203 (86.7%) subjects completed the program successfully. The most common reason for dropout was change in physical condition of subject, followed by difficulty of app use (Table 3).

    Tables 4 and 5 show the response rates of subjects for each measurement. For the offline surveys, the response rate was relatively high excluding early dropouts. Measurements from the third visit were lower than those from the second. Surveys for medication compliance showed the lowest response rate. The online surveys were individualized according to subjects’ clinical settings. The response rate ranged from 17.6% to 57.4%.

    Health Education Content Views

    For health education, a total of 2338 contents were viewed by the gastric cancer group and 3071 by the colon cancer group. The overall frequency of views is described in Table 6. For gastric cancer, the most commonly viewed content was “gastric cancer general information” (322 times), and for colon cancer “warming up exercise” was viewed 340 times (Table 6).

    Satisfaction Rate

    The satisfaction rate was measured on a 5-point Likert scale (5=very good, 4=good, 3=neutral, 2=bad, 1=very bad). The most valued components were “appropriateness to management” and “continuous visit to this hospital.” The lowest satisfaction rate was seen in “this program assists the medical doctor” (Figure 5).

    Table 2. Demographic information of study participants.
    CharacteristicsGastric cancer (n=101), n (%)Colon cancer (n=102), n (%)
    Sex


    		Male71 (70.3)57 (55.9)

    		Female30 (29.7)45 (44.1)
    Age, years


    		Less than 4012 (11.9)4 (3.9)

    		40s24 (23.8)15 (14.7)

    		50s37 (36.6)35 (34.3)

    		60s22 (21.8)35 (34.3)

    		Over 706 (5.9)13 (12.7)
    Treatment plan


    		Adjuvant56 (55.4)45 (44.1)

    		Palliative45 (44.6)57 (55.9)
    Table 3. Study completion rates of study subjects.
    CharacteristicsGastric cancer (n=101), n (%)Colon cancern (n=102), n (%)
    Subjects with successful completion85 (84.2)91 (89.2)
    Subjects who dropped out16 (15.8)11(10.8)

    		Physical condition change8 (50.0)6 (54.5)

    		Difficulty manipulating the app5 (31.3)4 (36.4)

    		Transfer to other hospital2 (12.5)1 (9.1)

    		Other reason1 (6.3)0 (0)
    Table 4. Response rate for the offline surveys.
    TaskGastric cancer (n=101), n (%)Colon cancer (n=102), n (%)

    		2nd visit3rd visit2nd visit3rd visit
    Medication compliance90 (89.1)78 (77.2)66 (64.7)53 (52.0)
    PG-SGAa90 (89.1)85 (84.2)91 (89.2)88 (86.3)
    IPAQ-SFb90 (89.1)85 (84.2)91 (89.2)89 (87.3)
    BFI-Kc90 (89.1)85 (84.2)—90 (88.2)
    LARSd score——92 (90.2)89 (87.3)
    EORTC QLQ-C30e90 (89.1)85 (84.2)92 (90.2)89 (87.3)
    EORTC QLQ-STO22f90 (89.1)85 (84.2)——
    EORTC QLQ-CR38g——92 (90.2)89 (87.3)
    PHQ-9h91 (90.1)85 (84.2)92 (90.2)89 (87.3)
    Distress90 (89.1)85 (84.2)91 (89.2)88 (86.3)

    aPG-SGA: Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment.

    bIPAQ-SF: International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form.

    cBFI-K: Brief Fatigue Inventory–Korean.

    dLARS: Low Anterior Resection Syndrome.

    eEORTC QLQ-30: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire.

    fEORTC QLQ-STO22: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire–Gastric module.

    gEORTC QLQ-CR38: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire–Colorectal module.

    hPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire–9 item.

    Table 5. Response rate for online surveys.
    Online survey categoryGastric cancerColon cancer

    		Sent, nResponse, n (%)Sent, nResponse, n (%)
    Modified PRO-CTCAEa940502 (53.4)1000527 (52.7)
    Nutrition820471 (57.4)854150 (17.6)
    Rehabilitation756343 (45.4)794387 (48.7)
    Total25161316 (52.3)26,4811064 (40.2)

    aPRO-CTCAE: Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events.

    Table 6. Health education content views by participants.
    RankGastric cancer (n=2338)ViewsColon cancer (n=3071)Views
    1Cancer general information322Warming-up exercise340
    2Warming-up exercise284Muscle strength exercise 2320
    3Muscle strength exercise 1275Flexibility exercise292
    4Flexibility exercise255Pelvic floor muscle exercise260
    5Skin problem76Cancer general information 3220
    6Sleep problem67Cancer general information 2143
    7General exhaustion59Sleep problem132
    8Hand and foot swelling58Hair loss118
    9Constipation53Skin problem (clammy)116
    10Skin problem (colorization)44Skin problem (dry)115
    ‎
    Figure 5. Satisfaction rate of study participants.
    View this figure

    Development Process

    Many mobile health apps have been developed for cancer patients, although it was not easy to find apps that apply personalized interventions for nutrition, rehabilitation, and side effects in patients who are undergoing chemotherapy. Only a few of such apps showed details of how nutritionists, rehabilitation therapists, cancer nurses, doctors, and various health providers intervened when providing personalized intervention through apps and communicating with patients [33-35].

    During this study, we successfully developed a multidisciplinary mobile care system that could provide health education and self-management features for clinical improvement. Measures were chosen based on clinical evidence by experts who were actively involved in the treatment process of patients. This is contrary to the fact that many apps developed for patients do not acquire data which could be readily used in real clinical settings [36].

    Also, this program joined the processes of offline and online interventions, which is said to be an important factor impacting the success of mobile apps. Mobile app developers need to analyze the process of hospital-based care in order to effectively help patients. By recruiting caregivers of such a process, we could develop a study program which could infiltrate patient predefined treatment processes with minimal discomfort, resulting in a high completion rate.

    Validation Process

    We enrolled 203 subjects from September 2016 to December 2016. The online survey completion rate was over 40%, and 80% completed the offline survey. The overall program completion rate was about 85%. Considering patients’ poor general conditions and older ages, these figures are somewhat encouraging [37]. Patient-oriented user interfaces with user-friendly services like in-app chat service could be reasons for good compliance.

    Throughout the study, coordinators freely contacted participants using the app, providing chat service and preproduced educational content; they could also meet patients when they had arrangements in the outpatient department or during scheduled chemotherapy sessions. This environment could have affected the favorable outcome of clinical validation. However, continuity of care with the physician offices was not observed in this study, which was also revealed by in-depth satisfaction analysis (Table 5).

    Summary of the Implications of the Research

    First, the mobile care system enabled patients with severe conditions to obtain personalized health management and remote monitoring. The management of side effects, diet, exercise, and questions related to treatment can be carried out anytime and anywhere using a mobile phone, and patients with cancer can have continuous personalized care.

    Second, the mobile care systems can continuously provide both offline and online management services, and the partnership between the service provider and the patient can be strengthened. These systems can maintain the quality of ongoing daily care for patients on long-term chemotherapy or early chemotherapy.

    Third, the mobile care system can provide accurate information based on clinical and professional knowledge. Patients can easily access various information related to cancer. Thus, health experts can provide real-time information based on experience.

    Fourth, the possibility of online management of cancer patients with a mobile app was demonstrated in this study. Since the population undergoing cancer treatment is on the increase, the system should be enhanced by improving the quality of contents and user interface, which will also motivate patients to achieve a better quality of life.

    Limitations

    This study has several limitations. First, the standardized methodologies related to the development such as biodesign process were not applied [38]. Thus, it may be difficult for others to benchmark our development process. Second, the study did not include a control group for comparison. This could limit the interpretation of the results from the outcome. Third, raw data as logs from apps were not available. These data could have made it possible to analyze details of patients’ behaviors with the app and devices. Fourth, we did not use standardized questions for the usability survey. Although satisfaction is a very important factor for usability, it does not solely represent it. Lastly, we did not describe values of specific clinical measures because they were not within the scope of this paper. This information would be available in future studies with specific knowledge of each topic: rehabilitation, chemotherapy, and nutrition.

    Conclusions

    Through this study, we successfully developed and validated a multidisciplinary mobile care system that can provide health education and self-management features to improve clinical measures for patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer. The system showed a high rate of program completion by patients with good satisfaction.

    Acknowledgments

    This research was supported by the National Information Society Agency, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (Grant number: 2016-0-00586).

    Conflicts of Interest

    HK is now an employee of the company that developed the app.

    1. Ali ZC, Silvioli R, Rajai A, Aslam TM. Feasibility of use of a mobile application for nutrition assessment pertinent to age-related macular degeneration (MANAGER2). Transl Vis Sci Technol 2017 Jan;6(1):4 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    2. Mantegna G, Petrillo M, Fuoco G, Venditti L, Terzano S, Anchora LP, et al. Long-term prospective longitudinal evaluation of emotional distress and quality of life in cervical cancer patients who remained disease-free 2-years from diagnosis. BMC Cancer 2013 Mar 18;13:127 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    3. Simonelli LE, Fowler J, Maxwell GL, Andersen BL. Physical sequelae and depressive symptoms in gynecologic cancer survivors: meaning in life as a mediator. Ann Behav Med 2008 Jun;35(3):275-284 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    4. Naidu MUR, Ramana GV, Rani PU, Mohan IK, Suman A, Roy P. Chemotherapy-induced and/or radiation therapy-induced oral mucositis—complicating the treatment of cancer. Neoplasia 2004;6(5):423-431 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    5. Dowling EC, Chawla N, Forsythe LP, de Moor J, McNeel T, Rozjabek HM, et al. Lost productivity and burden of illness in cancer survivors with and without other chronic conditions. Cancer 2013 Sep 15;119(18):3393-3401. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    6. Weaver KE, Foraker RE, Alfano CM, Rowland JH, Arora NK, Bellizzi KM, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors among long-term survivors of breast, prostate, colorectal, and gynecologic cancers: a gap in survivorship care? J Cancer Surviv 2013 Jun;7(2):253-261 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    7. Hardt D. OAuth 2.0 authorization framework. 2012.   URL: https://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc6749.pdf [accessed 2018-04-26] [WebCite Cache]
    8. Kim KS. Polarization of cancer patient management. J Korean Med Assoc 2017;60(3):223-227. [CrossRef]
    9. Yi M, Kim JH, Park EY, Kim JN, Yu ES. Focus group study on psychosocial distress of cancer patients. Korean J Adult Nurs 2010;22(1):19-30.
    10. Seo MS, Choi ES. [Knowledge and learning needs related to cancer treatment in gynecological cancer patients]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2006 Oct;36(6):942-949. [Medline]
    11. Bender JL, Yue RYK, To MJ, Deacken L, Jadad AR. A lot of action, but not in the right direction: systematic review and content analysis of smartphone applications for the prevention, detection, and management of cancer. J Med Internet Res 2013;15(12):e287 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    12. Vollmer DD, Fair K, Hong YA, Beaudoin CE, Pulczinski J, Ory MG. Apps seeking theories: results of a study on the use of health behavior change theories in cancer survivorship mobile apps. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2015;3(1):e31 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    13. Bert F, Giacometti M, Gualano MR, Siliquini R. Smartphones and health promotion: a review of the evidence. J Med Syst 2014 Jan;38(1):9995. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    14. Coughlin S, Thind H, Liu B, Champagne N, Jacobs M, Massey RI. Mobile phone apps for preventing cancer through educational and behavioral interventions: state of the art and remaining challenges. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2016 May 30;4(2):e69 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    15. de Jongh T, Gurol-Urganci I, Vodopivec-Jamsek V, Car J, Atun R. Mobile phone messaging for facilitating self-management of long-term illnesses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;12:CD007459. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    16. Collado-Borrell R, Escudero-Vilaplana V, Ribed-Sánchez A, Ibáñez-García S, Herranz-Alonso A, Sanjurjo-Sáez M. Smartphone applications for cancer patients: what we know about them? Farm Hosp 2016 Jan 01;40(1):25-35 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    17. Pereira-Azevedo N, Carrasquinho E, Cardoso DOE, Cavadas V, Osório L, Fraga A, et al. mHealth in urology: a review of experts' involvement in app development. PLoS One 2015;10(5):e0125547 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    18. Kim SE. [Nutritional acreening and assessment in hospitalized patients]. Korean J Gastroenterol 2015 Jun;65(6):336-341 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    19. Stratton RJ, King CL, Stroud MA, Jackson AA, Elia M. Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool predicts mortality and length of hospital stay in acutely ill elderly. Br J Nutr 2006 Feb;95(2):325-330. [Medline]
    20. White JV, Guenter P, Jensen G, Malone A, Schofield M, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Malnutrition Work Group, A.S.P.E.N. Malnutrition Task Force, A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors. Consensus statement of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition). J Acad Nutr Diet 2012 May;112(5):730-738. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    21. Ware JE. SF-36 health survey update. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2000 Dec 15;25(24):3130-3139. [Medline]
    22. Dueck AC, Mendoza TR, Mitchell SA, Reeve BB, Castro KM, Rogak LJ, et al. Validity and reliability of the US National Cancer Institute's patient-reported outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE). JAMA Oncol 2015 Nov;1(8):1051-1059. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    23. Basch E, Reeve BB, Mitchell SA, Clauser SB, Minasian LM, Dueck AC, et al. Development of the National Cancer Institute's patient-reported outcomes version of the common terminology criteria for adverse events (PRO-CTCAE). J Natl Cancer Inst 2014 Sep;106(9) [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    24. Basch EM, Reeve BB, Mitchell SA, Clauser SB, Minasian L, Sit L, et al. Electronic toxicity monitoring and patient-reported outcomes. Cancer J 2011;17(4):231-234 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    25. Carlson LE, Bultz BD. Cancer distress screening. Needs, models, and methods. J Psychosom Res 2003 Nov;55(5):403-409. [Medline]
    26. Hoffman BM, Zevon MA, D'Arrigo MC, Cecchini TB. Screening for distress in cancer patients: the NCCN rapid-screening measure. Psychooncology 2004 Nov;13(11):792-799. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    27. Jager-Wittenaar H, Ottery FD. Assessing nutritional status in cancer: role of the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2017 Sep;20(5):322-329. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    28. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003 Aug;35(8):1381-1395. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    29. Emmertsen KJ, Laurberg S. Low anterior resection syndrome score: development and validation of a symptom-based scoring system for bowel dysfunction after low anterior resection for rectal cancer. Ann Surg 2012 May;255(5):922-928. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    30. Juul T, Ahlberg M, Biondo S, Emmertsen KJ, Espin E, Jimenez LM, et al. International validation of the low anterior resection syndrome score. Ann Surg 2014 Apr;259(4):728-734. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    31. Lee PH, Macfarlane DJ, Lam TH, Stewart SM. Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011;8:115 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    32. Yun YH, Wang XS, Lee JS, Roh JW, Lee CG, Lee WS, et al. Validation study of the Korean version of the Brief Fatigue Inventory. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005 Feb;29(2):165-172. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    33. Holeman I, Evans J, Kane D, Grant L, Pagliari C, Weller D. Mobile health for cancer in low to middle income countries: priorities for research and development. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2014 Nov;23(6):750-756. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    34. Birur PN, Sunny SP, Jena S, Kandasarma U, Raghavan S, Ramaswamy B, et al. Mobile health application for remote oral cancer surveillance. J Am Dent Assoc 2015 Dec;146(12):886-894. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    35. Galligioni E, Piras EM, Galvagni M, Eccher C, Caramatti S, Zanolli D, et al. Integrating mHealth in oncology: experience in the province of Trento. J Med Internet Res 2015;17(5):e114 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    36. Lee Y, Shin S, Kim J, Kim JH, Seo D, Joo S, et al. Evaluation of mobile health applications developed by a tertiary hospital as a tool for quality improvement breakthrough. Healthc Inform Res 2015 Oct;21(4):299-306 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    37. Lee J. Future of the smartphone for patients and healthcare providers. Healthc Inform Res 2016 Jan;22(1):1-2 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    38. Yock P, Brinton T, Kumar U, Watkins F, Denend L, Krummel T. Biodesign. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2015.

    ‎
    BFI-K: Brief Fatigue Inventory–Korean
    EORTC QLQ-CR38: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire–Colorectal module
    EORTC QLQ-STO22: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire–Gastric module
    EORTC QLQ-30: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire
    IPAQ-SF: International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form
    LARS: Low Anterior Resection Syndrome
    PG-SGA: Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment
    PRO-CTCAE: Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events

    Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 08.11.17; peer-reviewed by JH Lee, SY Shin; comments to author 17.01.18; revised version received 09.03.18; accepted 22.04.18; published 07.05.18

    Copyright

    ©Ji Yeong Soh, Won Chul Cha, Dong Kyung Chang, Ji Hye Hwang, Kihyung Kim, Miyong Rha, Hee Kwon. Originally published in JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 07.05.2018.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR mhealth and uhealth, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://mhealth.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.