Principal Findings
Our pilot study received positive feedback from all staff members with regard to using MyDoc’s secure messaging system. The health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPAA) was enacted by the United States Congress and signed by the President at the time, Bill Clinton in 1996 to give individuals the right to privacy. A summary of the HIPAA can be found on the United States department of health and human services website [10]. Divided into two parts, HIPAA’s first title covers health care access, portability, and renewability. Its second title covers the prevention of health care fraud and abuse, administrative simplification provisions, and medical liability reform. Unsurprisingly, the establishment of national standards for electronic health care transactions and national identifiers for providers, health insurance plans, and employers is a requirement for the second title. While no equivalent act exists in Singapore at present, the closest one, namely the private hospitals and medical clinics act, provides details regarding medical records and the sharing of personal data. It can be found on the Medical Protection Society website [11]. It is thus not surprising that the personal data protection commission (PDPC) of Singapore recently announced the launching of a public consultation exercise to help roll out initiatives to build organizations’ knowledge and capabilities in data protection practices and requirements [12].
While the transmission of personal data in a hospital setting is inevitable, not all methods are secure. This point is reiterated by the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS), which clearly states that while texting accelerates communication, it puts us at risk and increases liability because it is inherently insecure and incompliant with safety and privacy regulations under the HIPAA [13]. In the month of June 2013 alone, 185,572 messages were sent from the hospital messaging system (HMS) currently in use at the NUH. It should be noted that any service that sends text messages, which are readily accessible to anyone gaining access to the device the messages were sent to, is not completely secure. Considering that the data sent in hospitals is of a sensitive nature, this would be unacceptable should any of these services be used. Although none of the authors of this manuscript condone the words or actions of a medical student who mocked a patient on Twitter earlier this year [14], this example clearly illustrates the dangers of using a social media tool as a platform for transmitting any form of personal data.
In our study, all staff members had very positive reactions towards MyDoc and strongly agreed that this technology be integrated as part of the routine messaging systems currently in use. With traditional teaching claiming that a diagnosis can be made through history alone in 90% of cases and in the remaining 10% with a subsequent physical examination, this emphasizes the pivotal role of communication to the art of medicine. While physical findings are undoubtedly important for making clinical decisions, many decisions are made on gathering this clinical information by conversing with the patient as well as other physicians and nurses. The power of observation and its importance must not be forgotten. For example, during the postoperative ward rounds, wound reviews, dressing changes, and assessment of range of motion require conversational and observational skills. MyDoc includes these in its features. Few clinicians claim that neglecting bedside examination results in medical errors while others suggest that rather than bridging barriers between patients and doctors through bedside interaction, remote presence systems of any form actually increase interactions. Literature however suggests that the use of remote critical care in intensive care units (ICU) managed by internists demonstrated a considerable improvement in measureable patient parameters [15-17].
The provision of specialist care to patients in remote areas who would otherwise have these services unavailable to them only dispels the myth that it increases barriers to appropriate medical care [18]. There are also vast amounts of literature supporting operative telementoring with many studies showing no measurable increase in adverse event rates when patients are operated on by less experienced surgeons supervised by a senior surgeon from a remote location through audiovisual communication [19-24]. In fact, the ethical code and ethical guidelines of the Singapore Medical Council (SMC) clearly states about remote initial consultations in section 4.1.1.2 that,
“No doctor-patient relationship can be established through electronic means and consequently no consultation fee may be received. However, in view of developments in telemedicine and remote-control surgery, it is acceptable for a doctor to manage a patient remotely provided this is in the context of a system of care in which a patient has timely or concurrent access to another doctor who manages him in person. A doctor who provides remote management is responsible for any outcome related to his management”
Regarding remote consultations in continuing care, in section 4.1.1.3, it is mentioned that,
“If a doctor has already established a professional relationship through direct personal contact with a patient, previously made a diagnosis and has commenced treatment, adjusting treatment or providing continued treatment following remote contact with a patient or receipt of electronically transmitted medical data is allowable. If on the other hand it appears from the communication that the patient has developed a new problem or a significant complication, then the doctor shall endeavor to see the patient personally for a further evaluation before offering further treatment.”
The objective of our pilot study was to determine the reaction of our staff over the use of MyDoc in an orthopedic clinical setting in Singapore. Almost all of them found it to be an excellent tool and gave positive feedback. While the introduction and integration of MyDoc may prove to be advantageous in a number of ways, there are various disadvantages and key issues that need to be addressed. For example, the integrity of a secure wireless network and the transmission of sensitive and confidential information is a concern. Ensuring the same is of paramount importance and forms the basis of the implementation of this technology. From a practical point of view, possible loss of the internet connection or network may make the use of the system both impractical and frustrating. Lastly, the speed of message transmission was an issue a number of study participants raised, stating that it is not as fast as other applications (two to three seconds per message or image sent compared to one to two seconds on current messaging applications). However, it must be understood that unlike other systems in use where messages can be read by anyone, forwarded to anyone, remain unencrypted on telecommunication providers’ servers, and most importantly stay forever on the sender’s and receiver’s phones [13], messages on MyDoc are not stored on the phone. The latter, together with the various levels of security, account for the slightly slower transmission speed. These measures, including MyDoc’s assurance of being HIPAA-compliant and having all data stored on a dedicated medical data storage server ensure the security of this messaging platform.
Potential Uses of MyDoc in Orthopedic Surgery
Regional Teleconsults for Specialist Referral
As Singapore is one of the most popular medical hubs in Southeast Asia, the use of virtual consults has the potential to exponentially increase the volume of referrals from around the region. In turn, while the potential increase in patients improves revenue for hospitals and specialists, patients also benefit by the decreased costs they have to face in terms of less travel and accommodation expense as well as the lower doctor’s fees currently in place for a virtual visit.
Clinical Outreach in the Setting of Trauma
In tertiary referral centers, the ability to provide greater expertise in the management of trauma patients in centers where specialist expertise is limited has great potential. With the use of MyDoc, inappropriate referrals can also be prevented and appropriate referrals be managed better. Thus the optimal outcome for patients can be achieved by providing expertise at a moment’s notice. This may be most beneficial in the emergency room (ER) setting where often the attending orthopedic surgeon may be scrubbed in the operating room, thereby not being able to attend to the referral at the ER immediately.
Supervision in the Operating Room
We have all heard the phrase, “see one, do one, teach one.” Taking this into account, being supervised as opposed to unsupervised is far better for both the trainee and more importantly, the patient. MyDoc has tremendous potential in the operating room as a tool for supervision through its interactive and real time feed. Knowing that they are under the watchful eye of a trainer, reassures the trainees. By the trainer being remotely present, the trainee is forced to think on their feet and be meticulous. While the trainer guides and teaches, the trainee does the procedure themselves. An added benefit includes saving costs by not having the trainer to be on site.
Providing Both Patient and Parent Reassurance in Pediatric Orthopedic Patients
In comparison to adult orthopedics where very often we have to deal with just the patient, pediatric orthopedics requires the reassurance of not only the patient who is a child, but also that of the child’s parent or parents. It has been shown that any patient who is discharged from an ER and referred to an orthopedic clinic feels more reassured when they hear the same management plan from the orthopedic surgeon rather than the emergency physician [8]. For this reason, the presence of MyDoc in the emergency department and more so at a pediatric ER, allows the provision of such reassurance. This in turn not only ensures appropriate discharges and referrals but also improves patient satisfaction and lowers costs for unnecessary admissions to the orthopedic surgeon on call.
In the Setting of the Outpatient Department
MyDoc may serve a multitude of functions with regard to outpatient clinics. It could help with the concurrent running of two or more clinics, all under supervision. Remote clinics could function without added time, travel, and cost constraints. A wound dressing clinic could accept patients without having to wait for the physical presence of a surgeon; as the surgeon could examine the wounds of patients using MyDoc even while running his or her trauma or elective clinic. Furthermore, taking a high-resolution macro photo without running the risk of contaminating the wound allows accurate documentation of what the wound looks like and makes it possible for a different surgeon to objectively assess the healing or worsening of a wound over time. It is noted however, that optimal environmental conditions such as the light intensity would be required and that training on image capturing standards would also need to be done. MyDoc also facilitates the sharing of radiographs between members of an orthopedic team. This however, would also require further validation with users having to be aware of the risks and limitations of such images. While obvious fractures may allow adequate discussion on management, more subtle ones may not.
Weekend Ward Rounds
The current economic climate dictates cost savings to be the priority of hospitals. Hence, the necessity for the physical presence of a doctor to perform ward rounds may be substituted by conducting a ward round through the use of virtual consults. This would be applicable only when decisions regarding discharge or necessary management are based more on observational findings rather than the need for clinical examination.