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Black young men who have sex with men (BYMSM) experience higher human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence than their white and Latino counterparts.
The aim of our study was to understand BYMSM’s preferences for mobile phone–based HIV prevention and treatment in order to inform culturally tailored interventions to reduce the spread of HIV and improve HIV treatment outcomes in this population.
Qualitative focus groups (N=6) with BYMSM aged 18-29 years (N=41; 46%, 19/41 HIV-positive) were conducted to elucidate their preferences for the design and delivery of mobile phone–based HIV prevention and treatment interventions. A modified grounded theory approach to data analysis was undertaken using ATLAS.ti textual analysis software.
Participants preferred holistic health interventions that did not focus exclusively on HIV prevention and treatment. Issues of privacy and confidentiality were paramount. Participants preferred functionality that enables discreet connections to culturally competent health educators and treatment providers who can address the range of health and psychosocial concerns faced by BYMSM.
Mobile phone–based HIV prevention has the potential to increase engagement with HIV prevention and treatment resources among BYMSM. For these approaches to be successful, researchers must include BYMSM in the design and creation of these interventions.
Although gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) comprise approximately 2% of the US population, they accounted for 67% of all estimated new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in 2014 [
Previous research indicates that BYMSM face many barriers to HIV testing and treatment [
Mobile technology, including the Web and mobile phone apps have become important venues for information seeking, communication, and social networking [
MSM are also increasingly using geosocial networking (GSN) apps such as Grindr, Jack’d, and Scruff to locate sexual partners, meet friends, and connect to gay communities [
Previous research has demonstrated the need for and effectiveness of technology-based interventions in improving outreach, testing, and linkage to information about and services for HIV among YMSM [
The development of mobile phone app interventions for BYMSM has the potential to increase HIV testing and treatment among this high-risk population. Technology-based interventions offer opportunities to engage MSM who are less accessible to researchers and clinicians due to stigma associated with sexual minority identity disclosure, yet who may still engage in high-risk behaviors [
Given increasing HIV rates among BYMSM, the psychosocial barriers they face related to HIV testing and treatment and their access to and use of mobile phones apps, there is a critical need and opportunity to develop innovative, culturally tailored mobile phone–based HIV prevention strategies for this population. However, little research has qualitatively examined BYMSM’s use of apps and preferences for mobile phone–based HIV prevention and treatment, which may be helpful in understanding how to tailor mobile phone–based HIV prevention and treatment efforts for BYMSM. Using qualitative methods, this study sought to elucidate the types and patterns of technology use among a sample of BYMSM in order to better understand their preferences for mobile phone app interventions as a mechanism to promote outreach, HIV testing, and linkage to appropriate HIV and health-related services.
Data were gathered through focus groups with BYMSM in Los Angeles, California (6 focus groups, 6-8 participants per group, N=41). For this study, we defined youth according to Arnett’s (2000) definition of emerging adulthood [
Each focus group lasted 90-120 minutes, was audio-recorded, and conducted in English in private rooms at 2 community-based agencies serving BYMSM in Los Angeles. Prior to the initiation of focus groups participants completed a pre-focus group assessment that asked them to provide information about their demographic characteristics, mobile phone ownership, and social media use. Two trained members of the research team led each focus group and another took notes. Participants were assigned identification numbers, which were used to protect their identities and to track their responses throughout the focus group discussions. Each participant was paid US $20 as an incentive. Study protocols, including informed consent procedures, were approved by the North Campus Institutional Review Board at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Semistructured focus group methodology was chosen to enable participants to interact with each other in response to a series of a priori questions developed by the research team. This approach was chosen to generate a richness of data not always possible with individual interviews in addition to being a more efficient way of resolving any seemingly conflicting information [
For this analysis, we focused on the following 2 semistructured interview topics: (1) experiences and impressions of existing mobile apps for gay and bisexual men, and (2) preferences for functions of a mobile phone app for HIV prevention and treatment targeting BYMSM. First, BYMSM were asked about their current experiences with mobile phone apps and the strengths and weaknesses of existing apps. Specifically, we asked which GSN apps participants preferred and the circumstances under which they used these apps. We asked participants to describe preferred features and functions on existing apps. We were particularly interested in what BYMSM might want to see on a new mobile phone app for promoting HIV prevention and treatment. Finally, participants were asked to consider themselves app designers and to suggest layouts, features, functions, and content areas for a new app.
Audio recordings of the focus groups were transcribed verbatim for analysis by an independent agency and reviewed by the research team for accuracy by listening to the audio recordings and comparing them with the written transcripts. Transcripts were then analyzed using a methodology of “coding consensus, cooccurrence, and comparison” [
Analysis was guided by a modified grounded theory approach (ie, theory derived from data and then illustrated by characteristic examples of data) [
The total sample consisted of 41 BYMSM. Participants’ ages ranged from 19-29 years; the average age being 26 years. More than three-quarters of the sample identified as gay (31/41). Over half had received some education past high school (56%, 23/41) and an additional 27% (11/41) had graduated college. Participants were stably housed: over half (60%; n=24) rented a house or apartment and nearly two-thirds (65%, 33/41) lived with others. More than three-quarters of the sample had part- or full-time employment (78%, 32/41) and more than a third made less than US $12,000 annually.
The majority of participants used either an Android mobile phone (61%, 25/41) or iPhone (46%, 19/41), which they reported using to communicate most frequently with either friends or romantic partners (59%, 24/41 and 22%, 9/41). The most popular methods of communication via mobile phone were talking (83%, 34/41) and texting (90%, 37/41). Popular social networking sites included Facebook (85%, 34/41), Instagram (85%, 34/41), and Twitter (48%, 19/41). The majority of the sample used social networking apps, with 71% (27/41) reporting daily use. Popular GSN apps for partner seeking included Jack’d (53%, 21/41) and Grindr (18%, 7/41); popular websites for social or sexual networking included Craigslist (38%, 15/41) and Adam4Adam (23%, 9/41).
Demographic characteristics among BYMSM in Los Angeles, California (N=41).
Characteristic | n (%) | |
Mean Age (in years) | 25.8 (3.1) | |
Heterosexual | 1 (3) | |
Bisexual | 7 (18) | |
Gay or homosexual | 31 (78) | |
Other | 1 (3) | |
High school graduate or less | 7 (17) | |
Some college or trade school training | 23 (56) | |
College graduate or above | 11 (27) | |
Own home or condo | 3 (8) | |
Rent house or apartment | 24 (60) | |
Family member’s house | 9 (23) | |
Friend’s house, condo, or apartment | 1 (3) | |
Spouse or lover or sexual partner’s house, condo, or apartment | 1 (3) | |
Homeless shelter or “safe house” | 1 (3) | |
Other | 1 (3) | |
Alone, no other person | 8 (20) | |
A spouse or lover | 5 (13) | |
A sexual partner (not spouse) | 2 (5) | |
Other adult family members | 12 (30) | |
Close friends or roommates | 14 (35) | |
Children under the age of 18 years | 1 (3) | |
Other | 1 (3) | |
Employment (part- or full-time) | 32 (78) | |
Food stamps, welfare, disability, unemployment | 13 (32) | |
Other | 3 (7) | |
Less than US $50 (eg, less than US $600 per annum) | 3 (8) | |
US $51-US $249 (eg, US $600-US $2999 per annum) | 4 (10) | |
US $250-US $499 (eg, US $3000-US $5999 per annum) | 8 (20) | |
US $500-US $999 (eg, US $6000-US $11,999 per annum) | 5 (13) | |
US $1000-US $2999 (eg, US $12,000-US $35,000 per annum) | 9 (23) | |
US $3000-US $4999 (eg, US $36,000-US $59,000 per annum) | 5 (13) | |
US $5000-US $6249 (eg, US $60,000-US $74,999 per annum) | 1 (3) | |
Refused | 5 (13) |
aPercentage may not equal 100 due to rounding.
bResponse options included check all that apply; percentages will not add to 100.
Mobile phone and other technology use characteristics among BYMSM in Los Angeles, California (N=41).
Characteristics | n (%) | |
Android | 25 (61) | |
iPhone | 19 (46) | |
Other | 1 (2) | |
Friends | 24 (59) | |
Spouse or lover | 9 (22) | |
Casual sexual partner | 3 (7) | |
Exchange sexual partner (for sex work) | 1 (2) | |
Roommate | 4 (10) | |
Family of origin | 8 (20) | |
Refused | 2 (5) | |
Talking | 34 (83) | |
Texting | 37 (90) | |
28 (68) | ||
Apps | 31 (76) | |
Websites | 19 (46) | |
Other | 1 (2) | |
Laptop | 29 (73) | |
Desktop computer | 10 (25) | |
Tablet | 15 (38) | |
Public computer (eg, at a library) | 7 (18) | |
Wearable device (eg, Fitbit, Up Band, Nike Fuel Band) | 1 (3) | |
34 (85) | ||
19 (48) | ||
34 (85) | ||
3 (8) | ||
8 (20) | ||
Google+ | 11 (28) | |
Snapchat | 5 (13) | |
MySpace | 2 (5) | |
Craigslist.org | 15 (38) | |
Gay.com | 2 (5) | |
Adam4Adam.com | 9 (23) | |
Blackgaychat.com | 1 (3) | |
Match.com | 1 (3) | |
Other | 7 (18) | |
Grindr | 7 (18) | |
Jack’d | 21 (53) | |
Other | 3 (8) | |
Daily | 27 (71) | |
Weekly | 8 (21) | |
Monthly | 1 (3) | |
Less than once per month | 1 (3) | |
Refused | 1 (3) | |
In person | 24 (60) | |
By mobile phone (not mobile phone) | 6 (15) | |
By mobile phone | 31 (78) | |
By computer (laptop or desktop) | 8 (20) | |
By tablet | 1 (3) |
aResponse options included check all that apply; percentages will not add to 100.
bPercentage may not equal 100 due to rounding.
As discussed previously, BYMSM used their mobile phones for varied reasons, including communicating with friends and family, checking emails, engaging with social media, and for personal entertainment. Many engaged in a combination of these activities and found that it made them more “efficient.” For example, 29-year-old Darrius used his Android phone to increase his organization and productivity, which he preferred over a regular cellular device:
To be efficient in time, like time management. I love Google Now. Navigating purposes, as far as the public transportation, and driving are key for me...And it’s like everything on social media and the communication aspects—I can use a regular phone for that, you know what I'm saying? But a mobile phone helps you be efficient.
Others found that syncing their apps made their lives easier. The integration of multiple apps was important for Alex, a 28-year-old iPhone user:
What I like most about the Nike+ Running app is the fact that it integrates with the music that’s on my phone, so I’m able to play music as I’m jogging or as I'm running. And then it will adapt—or I can control the music on the go and I don’t have to completely go back into iTunes to adjust. It also simultaneously will tell me distance, location, and pace. So I like that it reminds me every so often what my pace is and what I'm doing without me having to think about it.
When asked why they used their mobile phones and which apps they used most frequently, BYMSM did not mention partner-seeking apps. Whereas this was true across all focus groups, when probed on their use of these apps, almost all BYMSM in the study mentioned using GSN apps such as Grindr, Tinder, and Jack’d. Many mentioned regular use of these apps, while others reported more sporadic use. Some described themselves as “chronic” users. For instance, Marcus, a 23-year-old iPhone user, went so far as to say he was addicted to one:
I’m a chronic (GSN app) user. I’m very addicted to (it) at this point. Since I’ve redownloaded it about 6 months ago, I’ve accumulated about 480 unread messages and I pick and choose who I want to reply to. Just seeing that number, it does something to my self-esteem that I specifically can’t do for myself.
Interactions on these apps were not always positive, however, and many participants experienced racist or derogatory remarks from other users. Marcus went on to share his negative experiences on a popular partner-seeking app:
I would be approached or messaged by Caucasian men and they would make reference to my “big black cock,” of which I don’t have a picture of anywhere on my profile. I felt like they were putting me in the stereotype of big black men that have these knee-dangling penises and they’re just letting everybody suck it. Also one (older) Caucasian man wanted me to be his “slave”...his “bedroom slave.” One man was a Latino. He just wanted to tell me I was a nigger and cussed me out in Spanish, called me “mayate”—that’s Spanish for a bug.
In response to and in anticipation of overtly racist interactions, several participants used app features that blocked racist or aggressive users, filtered for their preferences (in order to avoid other users based on race), or created detailed profiles outlining expectations for communication in order to avoid negative conversations. This allowed participants to “filter by race,” meaning that they would use the filter function to view only other black men and to structure potential partners on the app to a group of users they thought reflected their own desires and responded to them in a manner that they appreciated.
Julian, a 25-year-old iPhone user, shared:
...I have to be honest, you know, I try as much as I can personally to filter through race before I actually meet somebody.
While filtering and blocking were strategies used by many BYMSM across different apps, specific features of a popular app allowed for users to see who had viewed their profile. This in turn allowed them to see the types of people they attracted and decide with whom to speak. Additionally, many participants commented on the detailed nature of many other users’ profiles that stated “what kinds of people they’re interested in,” allowing them to know if a fruitful conversation was probable. As Jeffrey, a 20-year-old Android user, and Nathan, a 21-year-old Android user, discussed:
With who’s been viewing you, you can see how many times they usually reply to people, what kinds of people they're interested in, like black, Latino, bears, strictly friends or something like that...who you message and who you talk to.
I guess I like how the profile is on (GSN app name) because everything is right there. You have your pictures on one side and then you have all the information about the person on the other side. You can determine if you think you're going to like the person right off the bat because all of the person’s qualities or features is right there.
In general, participants appreciated easily accessible information about potential partners and getting tailored feedback on their app use to facilitate partner seeking and limit negative interactions.
There was a high degree of support for a mobile phone app for promoting HIV prevention and treatment. However, there was nearly universal agreement that this app should go beyond HIV and address health and wellness more broadly. Many thought that app users should have direct access to trusted doctors and clinicians via an app; yet, participants were torn between whether they should be able to communicate with other users. Some thought that this could be a potential for meeting new friends or even new partners who are also concerned with taking care of their health. Kevin, a 29-year-old Android user commented:
This app should have something so you can talk (to) other people who have the app. For example, he may not want to go to the clinic by himself and maybe someone else is going to go, so maybe they can go (together) (sic)...You know, it should be a message board.
Dejuan, a 20-year-old iPhone user elaborated:
I would say direct (messaging) too. You can meet people that have this app, so (that) you know either this person is protected, they know what they’re doing, or they’re taking care of themself health wise.
Additionally, participants thought it useful to meet someone who has been through the same issues they might be going through and viewed an app as an opportunity to obtain peer advice rather than strictly medical or professional insight.
Elijah, a 21-year-old iPhone user said:
You can actually go to other people for advice. Say, for instance, they already dealt with the problem that you're having, so you can go to them and be like, ‘Oh, what did you do? What stuff did you take?’ And it can actually help you through it.
Some expanded on this idea of using an app to meet people with whom they have shared experiences by looking for a “sponsor.” Ryan, a 29-year-old iPhone user thought that using a mobile phone app to target BYMSM who are newly HIV-positive would provide an avenue for users to connect with someone who could walk them through the HIV health care process:
If you’re targeting young, black, African-American males who are just finding out that they are HIV-positive or afraid to deal with the stigma of being HIV-positive, I think it would be great if you were able to click on an app to find a sponsor or someone that would help guide you through the motions. Tell you, ‘Let’s go find a testing site. I’ll walk you through this.
Conversely, some participants thought that being able to communicate with other users would be a potential breach of the app’s confidentiality and strongly opposed communicating with other users on the platform. These participants thought that you should only be able to connect to a local health provider for services or information. Jordan, a 29-year-old Android user elaborated:
I agree with only doctors, especially in this lifestyle, you know, people are going to say you’ve been doing something else. You don’t want that on the app because that’s going to make people not want to get on the app no more.
Ryan, a 29-year-old iPhone user, further reflected on the importance of confidentiality:
As I said earlier when it comes to apps, everybody knows everybody, knows everybody. And especially when you deal with African-American homosexuals in this environment of West Hollywood...If I choose to go to a testing facility or go somewhere, I’m going to be selective of where I go specifically, so my information doesn’t get to someone’s friend who knows someone who knows someone, (when) it should be confidential.
Participants viewed an app as a way to directly connect to a provider privately and confidentially and as a way to avoid automated machines or culturally insensitive HIV health care providers that could taint their experiences of engagement with HIV prevention and care.
Terrance, a 22-year-old iPhone user stated:
Just to be able to go through that app to make an appointment. I don’t want to have to call; you know what I mean? If I do have to call, then yeah, the number should be on the iPhone, you can click the number and it just directly calls. But on the app, if I’m able to, type, ‘Hey, this spot is open, can (I) come in at this time?’ it saves me talking to Susie at the front desk and the automated service, which both will piss me off.
While the majority of participants were excited about the prospect of a new health app geared toward black gay men, they struggled with whether it should be directed only to BYMSM. Citing the many health disparities that exist more generally for men of color, and particularly black men, some thought that the app would be better if it were general in its approach, but allowed for the user to personalize its content. Deshawn, a 28-year-old iPhone user, thought strongly that the app needed to focus on issues outside of HIV and STDs and to be more encompassing to black men’s health more generally:
Even though we’re African American gay men, we’re still African American men and we still experience the same health disparities that black men in general experience, but we’re so caught up on HIV and STDs that we don’t talk about other stuff like diabetes or colon cancer and all these other things. So I think making it broader will not only expose other people to this, but will also expose us to things.
Furthermore, some participants thought that the app could more broadly cater to the larger black community. Sebastian, a 25-year-old Android user argued:
Don’t just make it a gay thing...Make sure it’s health, period, for black people, because that’s the struggle of trying to get black people in health care.
Despite overall enthusiasm for the creation of an app that would facilitate health and wellness among BYMSM, many participants cited potential barriers to its effectiveness. One such barrier would be if the app were viewed as too “pushy” or forced HIV-related content. Sebastian, contended:
Having too much awareness, like having all the ads about HIV and all the ads about health care, sometimes they make you scared to go. You know, like, people try to push religion on you? It makes you feel like—someone trying to push health care on you.
Other barriers included the accessibility and readability of the information on these apps. For example, participants were concerned about the technical language used on some health websites, such as WebMD. Marcus, a 23-year old iPhone user, stated:
Yeah, I’ve tried WebMD but it wasn’t easy for me to use...I think it was the terminology that I didn’t understand. When I would click on a certain body part and it’d give me this list of stuff, I’m like, ‘What's a tracheal tube?’ you know?
Despite concerns about the use of technical language within the app and fears about privacy and confidentiality, the general consensus among participants was an excitement for the creation of a health app for BYMSM. In order to further refine how an app to promote HIV prevention and treatment for BYMSM might be most successful, participants suggested many features and functions that they would appreciate (see
Content for a health app suggested by BYMSM in Los Angeles, CA (N=41).
Content | Example quotes |
Rating and reviews for local clinics and providers | Cedric: “I think a Yelp approach...So I think something like that where you can rate the clinic, where you can rate the provider, and be able to give as detailed or as little of information and feedback...” |
Statistics and health news | Dejuan: “I think it should have—you know how they have trending topics, Twitter and all that, it should have statistics and stuff like that too, so people can also be aware as well of other things. Like this many people this, or this many people that. This many people came in this day and got this.” |
Content on fitness and nutrition | Deshawn: “This may be obvious but I was thinking having the site broken up into clear categories, so mental health versus sexual health versus fitness and nutrition. And then having subcategories under each of those. So from the home page, it’s very easy to access whatever specific information you want. You don’t have to search through the app to find it.” |
Other holistic health information not limited to HIV and STDs | Craig: “I think also it would be great to have something that also offers culturally competent mental health services and stuff like that, because beyond just HIV, STD stuff, because there are so many other things that people don't realize that they can have access to resource-wise...” |
Localized content about health and upcoming events for BYMSM | Jordan: “Yeah, if you want information, you can login to that app and be like, okay, this is this. Even, it can be different party sites, different clubs going on for the—like, all types of stuff. It’s just an app that makes you want to login because you don’t know what type of information you're going to get.” |
Symptom checker | Rohan: “You can have STD information, kind of like how WebMD has it. You can put in symptoms and stuff.” |
Features and functions of a health app suggested by BYMSM in Los Angeles, CA (N=41).
Features and Functions | Example quotes |
Direct messaging to clinics and primary care providers | Jaron: “So maybe to be able to be in contact with somebody, like a nurse hotline or something, somebody who could respond to you directly via chat.” |
User chat and message boards | Kevin: “You know, it should be a message board. |
Geolocation of testing and care clinic locations | Jeffrey: “Yeah, like the tabs, like different tabs. Because my idea was that it would give updates so that could be one tab is the updates. And then the second tab could be, like, a proximity for where the closest clinics are or something like that. And then another tab could be...whatever else we were coming up with. But different tabs so you can swipe through all your stuff.” |
Contests and prizes for participating in health games | Nathan: “You can also do—just ask questions about—it can be a random question about, “What is HIV?” and then the first person to answer the question gets movie tickets.” |
Find a sponsor for newly diagnosed or out-of-care HIV-positive men | Ryan: “When you think about Grindr, Jack’d, and we talk about confidentiality and the good parts about that is picking and choosing who you can deal with and who you want to and you can block people. I think it would be great if you treat the app just like an AA sponsor. If you're targeting young black, African-American males who are just finding out that they are HIV-positive or afraid to deal with the stigma of being HIV-positive, all the above, I think it would be great if you were able to click on an app to find a sponsor or someone that you can disclose confidentiality to that would help guide you through the motions.” |
Integration with popular dating and relationship apps | Devon: “I think maybe having an app that is cater—we know that as, you know, young black men, everybody’s out there having sex. Why not cater to an app that at the forefront is health, where you know that they're having sex, you know what I mean? Instead of something like Jack’d where it’s just a sex site. A4A is just a sex site. That it has health advertisement. How about having something that is a health site that you can find somebody that you can have sex with?” |
This study was among the first to qualitatively explore BYMSM’s preferences for mobile phone–based HIV prevention and treatment. BYMSM continue to be disproportionately impacted by HIV despite existing prevention efforts [
BYMSM in our study were avid mobile phone users who relied heavily on apps in their daily lives for productivity, entertainment, information seeking, and meeting sexual partners. These data are consistent with national trends, which suggest that people of color are the fastest growing user base for mobile phones [
BYMSM in our study were interested in an app for health and well-being, not necessarily one targeted exclusively at HIV prevention and care. Privacy and confidentiality were paramount for our participants, who expressed hesitancy about downloading an app onto their mobile phone that might indicate to others that they were HIV-positive or engaging in behavior that could put them at risk for HIV. Other research has highlighted attention to privacy and confidentiality with BYMSM who may be especially vulnerable to stigma and discrimination for engaging in same-sex sexual behaviors [
Although participants agreed HIV should not be the sole focus of the app, they were strong advocates of being able to access information about HIV prevention and treatment. Participants liked the idea of using GPS to find nearby testing clinics. Furthermore, participants wanted to read reviews of other users’ experiences at HIV testing and clinical sites, book appointments, and speak to clinical providers on the Web. These functions are already being incorporated into some apps designed for sexual health. Healthvana, for example, is an HIV and STD testing app that allows users to find nearby clinics, read user reviews, see hours of operation and, in some cases, schedule appointments. Healthvana also enables users to request their test results via the app in order to share those results with potential sexual partners. The ability of users to communicate directly with HIV health care providers may present challenges in terms of cost and scalability of health apps. The most successful mobile phone interventions to date use low-cost text messaging for appointment and medication adherence [
Many participants liked the idea of incorporating social media into an app and suggested this as a way to build social support networks with others. Some studies have used existing social media platforms, like Facebook, to deliver HIV-prevention interventions for youth [
While social media functionality that enables users to communicate via message board postings as well as instant message may increase interest in app use, it also presents potential challenges. First, a critical mass of users is necessary to entice potential users to join existing networks. Our participants suggested offering incentives to join and engage with the app in addition to partnerships with local businesses to engage the community through advertising and events. Second, some participants were concerned that social media functionality would facilitate sexual partnership formation on the app. Whereas sexual partner seeking via an app designed with health in mind could lead to safer sexual behaviors among users, participants highlighted that there were already many apps designed for this purpose and expressed interest in integration between these apps and a health app for BYMSM. Finally, some participants worried that by enabling users to talk to one another the risk of unwanted disclosures regarding same-sex sexual behaviors or HIV serostatus would be more likely.
Participants were supportive of an app tailored specifically for BYMSM as it had the potential to offer a Web-based space without the overt and covert racism they often experience on other apps. Discrimination and stigma via social media have been reported by BYMSM qualitatively [
Technology-based HIV intervention research with MSM has recently emerged with promising results [
This qualitative study focused on the experiences of BYMSM using mobile phones in Los Angeles, California. Selection bias introduced by convenience sampling is a limitation and findings may not be representative of all BYMSM. BYMSM were not asked to provide any identifying information during focus groups; however, participation in a group where others might recognize them or disclose their identity may have prevented some potential participants from volunteering to participate. In order to limit biases introduced during coding and thematic analysis, research assistants wrote statements of reflexivity, which increase objectivity in qualitative research.
In our analyses there did not appear to be differences in app use and app preferences by HIV serostatus. This may be due to the fact that we used the same semistructured interview guide for both HIV-negative and HIV-positive participants. Future studies may want to focus on mobile phone app design related to prevention and treatment separately in order to clarify how to best leverage technology for HIV prevention versus treatment. While focus group methodology enables interaction between participants, it is difficult to know if the recommendations and preferences that participants shared in a group accurately reflect their actual usage. The rapid pace of technological developments in mobile phones and social media make it difficult for research findings to keep up with usage in the real world. Future studies should pay particular attention to emerging technologies that may be leveraged for HIV prevention and treatment.
As mobile technologies increasingly become tools for the prevention and treatment of HIV, these technologies should be integrated into existing models of care. Researchers would be wise to consider how technology can support BYMSM along the HIV prevention continuum and the HIV care continuum depending on serostatus. Our findings highlight interest in HIV prevention and treatment delivered via apps tailored for BYMSM, but raise significant concerns that must be addressed in order for them to be successful—namely privacy and a singular focus on HIV without attention to the other health and psychosocial issues impacting this population. It is crucial that public health practitioners partner with app developers to create apps that are engaging and provide a range of functions that meet the needs of BYMSM. Our research demonstrates the importance of including BYMSM in the development of these apps to ensure their effectiveness and uptake among this population disproportionately impacted by HIV.
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
antiretroviral therapy
black young men who have sex with men
UCLA Center for AIDS Research
Center for HIV Identification, Prevention, and Treatment
California Specialized Training Institute
geosocial networking
human immunodeficiency virus
HealthMpowerment
Harnessing Online Peer Education
Los Angeles County
men who have sex with men
National Institues of Health
National Institute of Mental Health
sexually transmitted disease
sexually transmitted infection
young men who have sex with men
This work was supported by the Center for HIV Identification, Prevention, and Treatment (CHIPTS) National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant MH58107; the UCLA Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) grant 5P30AI028697; and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences through UCLA California Specialized Training Institute (CSTI) Grant UL1TR000124. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of National Institutes of Health (NIH).
None declared.