This systematic review used Thomas and Harden’s thematic synthesis approach to identify key themes from qualitative data [25]. This method enables the development of new insights based on previous findings. The review protocol is registered with PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) (CRD42023480463).

The inclusion criteria were based on the PICoS (Population, Phenomenon of interest, Context, Types of studies) principle. Population: our study population was adult patients with COPD or asthma aged≥18 years. Phenomenon of interest: this systematic review will explore the experiences and perspectives of patients with COPD or asthma who have received EIMDs for inhalation devices. Context: this systematic review considers patient experiences and perspectives with inhaler EIMDs for COPD or asthma, regardless of whether they live at home, in the hospital, in the community, or in other health care settings, as well as regardless of their cultural backgrounds. Types of studies: this systematic review considers all types of qualitative research as well as the qualitative component of mixed studies. We excluded reports that did not provide patient citations and those that did not provide full texts (eg, conference abstracts), as well as study protocols that had not yet been conducted. In addition, we excluded non-English language reports. Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria are shown in Textbox 1.

A comprehensive search was conducted in 6 databases—PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane Library, and PsycInfo—to identify qualitative studies on the experiences of patients with COPD or asthma using EIMDs. Electronic monitoring equipment for inhalation devices was first reported in 1983 [28]. To maximize the inclusion of relevant reports, this search covered publications from January 1983 through July 2024. The search terms were formulated according to the PICoS principles and included key terms such as “Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/Asthma”, “Electronic/Monitoring/Sensing/passive monitoring/inhaler monitoring/electronic medication monitor/electronic medication/monitoring sensors/medication monitoring”, “Nebulizers and Vaporizers/Inhalers/Inhalator/Inhalation Device/Administration, Inhalation/Drug Administration, Respiratory/Drug Administration”, and “Inhalation interview*/experience*/qualitative”. The search strategy incorporated trade names of existing EIMDs to ensure comprehensive coverage, as recommended by Garin [23] and Kikidis [29]. Details of the search strategy for each database are provided in Multimedia Appendix 1.

A total of 2 researchers (DF, ZPL), trained in evidence-based nursing, independently conducted the screening and data extraction processes, adhering to the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. In cases of disagreement, a third researcher (WYZ) was consulted to reach a consensus. Initially, all retrieved reports were imported into EndNote X9 (Clarivate) for deduplication. Titles and abstracts were reviewed to exclude irrelevant studies, followed by a full-text review to confirm the final set of included reports. Data extracted from each report included author details, publication date, country, research method, study population, primary findings, and patient quotations. When reports included perspectives from broader health care interest groups (eg, physicians, nurses, pharmacists, or respiratory therapists), only patient-specific data were extracted for analysis.

The methodological quality of included reports was assessed independently by 2 researchers (XC, HKJ) using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist developed by the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine at the University of Oxford, UK [30]. This tool, focusing on evaluating the validity, utility, and reliability of qualitative research, comprises 10 items evaluated with “yes,” “no,” or “unclear” responses. The CASP checklist enabled the identification of strengths and limitations in each report.

Extracted data were imported into NVivo 11.0 software (QSR International) for thematic synthesis, following the method recommended by Thomas and Harden [31]. This approach is conducive to the development of theoretical and conceptual insights applicable to clinical research planning [32]. For the thematic synthesis, data were merged from the included reports, enabling researchers to identify salient themes from each primary report. The synthesis was conducted in 3 stages: first, the 2 researchers (JLD, XZ) independently coded the extracted data from each report line by line. In the second phase, these initial codes were used to construct “descriptive” themes. Finally, in the third phase, the descriptive themes were iteratively examined, aggregated, and generalized to further form “analytical” themes. Any disagreements between the researchers during this process were resolved through discussion with the third researcher (HYL) to reach a consensus and finalize the findings.

The initial database search yielded 1764 articles. After removing 422 duplicates, 1342 articles remained. Following a review of titles and abstracts, 74 potentially relevant articles were selected for further assessment. Full-text analysis led to the final inclusion of 7 articles, all in English. No articles were excluded based on methodological quality assessment. The screening process is illustrated in Figure 1 (Checklist 1).

In total, 7 reports met the inclusion criteria, comprising 4 qualitative studies (57%) and 3 mixed-method studies (43%). Among them 4 of the included reports originated from the United Kingdom (57%), while the remaining 3 were conducted in the Netherlands (14%), Portugal (14%), and Australia (14%). The study population included 44 patients with COPD and 146 patients with asthma. Data were primarily collected through semistructured interviews (n=5), with two reports using focus groups. Additional demographic details are presented in Table 1.

All included reports met the quality standards of the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist, with no items marked as “no” or “unclear”. The results of the quality assessment are detailed in Multimedia Appendix 2.

Through a line-by-line coding of the original qualitative data, 41 initial codes were generated. After repeated analysis and comparison, these codes were synthesized into 27 findings, which were organized into nine sub-themes and three overarching themes: (1) positive experiences with EIMDs for patients with COPD or asthma; (2) stresses and challenges associated with using these devices; and (3) patient expectations regarding EIMDs. A summary of the synthesis results is provided in Textbox 2.

Studies indicated that patients with COPD or asthma found EIMDs simple, easy to use, and practical [24,33,34]. Some patients appreciated features like medication reminders [26,33,34], data recording for inhalation techniques [34], data visualization and translation of the collected data, and feedback provision to health care providers; the educational component of accompanying mobile apps was also valued [25,33,35]. High user acceptability was also reported [26], with patients finding data charts clear and easy to interpret [26,33] and display sizes satisfactory [25,26]. Therefore, many patients expressed a willingness to pay for these devices [26].

The devices were found to improve self-management capabilities of patients with COPD or asthma, as they improved medication adherence and allowed monitoring of inhalation technique errors [33], thereby preventing misuse or double dosing and increasing patient awareness of inhalation medication use habits [26,33,35]. In addition, EIMDs facilitated shared decision-making between patients and health care professionals [34], empowering patients to self-manage their health and reduce the burden on health care systems [24,26].

Patients with COPD or asthma also reported negative emotional stresses with these devices. Around 3 reports reported concerns among patients about data security and loss or incorrect data received by health care professionals [24,25,34]. In addition, some patients felt that certain features of the devices created a feeling of being watched and controlled [24-26].

Trust in using EIMDs was an issue, which resulted in nonadherence to their use, with some patients questioning the accuracy of device-generated measurements and perceived inaccuracies in the displayed information [33,34]. Many patients trusted their health care providers more than their devices [24,35].

Social challenges were also noted. Certain physical characteristics of the devices, such as size, color, and reminder tones, were perceived as barriers to social interaction, as they could attract unwanted attention in public or cause discomfort in relationships with roommates or partners [25,26].

The cost of EIMDs was another obstacle, as the devices were perceived to impose a financial burden on patients. One participant noted, “If it’s very expensive, I don’t think I’ll use it because my asthma medication is at a price” [24].

Technical issues were another challenge. Some patients reported that device functionality was insufficiently developed, leading to inaccuracies and unstable data recording [34]. Operational difficulties arose due to the complex functions of the devices, as mobile apps required substantial storage space and were complicated to navigate [26,34-36]. Incompatibility between monitoring devices and various inhalation devices, as well as between different monitoring device applications, led to patients feeling bored [24].

Patients expressed a desire for more compact, portable, and user-friendly devices that were quick and easy to use. They wanted the devices to offer additional functionality while being time-saving [24,25].

Patients also desired external support guidance, such as family members, doctors, and nurses, when using the devices. Many felt that EIMDs are not a substitute for face-to-face interactions with health care professionals and preferred to rely on specialist nurses and general practitioners for providing support [24,26]. Support from family caregivers was also valued while using EIMDs [26], patients expressed a wish to make the devices easier for other patients to learn to use them [33].

This systematic review reveals diverse experiences and perceptions among patients with COPD and asthma regarding electronic inhaler monitoring devices. While many patients report positive experiences, finding these devices helpful in supporting medication adherence and inhalation techniques, they also face notable challenges and concerns. Patients expressed a desire to improve the structural design and functionality of the EIMDs to enhance their ease of use.

Several studies underscore patients’ positive experiences with EIMDs, aligning with the findings in this review [26,37]. Patients generally perceive these devices as versatile and easy to use, offering a range of functional support that enhances their medication adherence and self-management skills. Many view the potential of these devices to aid inhalation techniques positively, expecting that effective use of such features will optimize therapeutic outcomes.

However, the review also indicates that patients often lack a full understanding of these devices’ functionalities, leading to apprehensions about data monitoring, collection, and transmission processes. These concerns are compounded by uncertainties about data security and accuracy, which can erode patient confidence in the devices. As noted by Howard et al [37], features such as timing reminders and device appearance can evoke negative emotional responses, making some patients feel monitored or controlled, thereby reducing social acceptance. Similar themes emerged in this review, as social relationship stressors and technical barriers impacted patients’ perceptions of device usefulness and ease of use. Literature suggests that perceived usefulness and ease of use are pivotal in shaping patient attitudes toward new technologies, which in turn influence user behaviors [38].

Therefore, medical staff should develop standardized protocols for equipment inspection and patient orientation before use. Health care professionals must also remain attentive to patients’ emotional responses, identifying negative reactions promptly and intervening with tailored support to improve patient experiences. By addressing the causes of patient discomfort, medical staff can mitigate barriers to device adoption and enhance patient satisfaction.

Emerging evidence highlights the influence of mHealth technology on patients’ real-life experiences [39]. Despite advancements, current electronic inhaler monitoring devices still lack functionality and compatibility with various inhalers and mobile apps. For example, current devices lack environmental monitoring capabilities, such as air quality feedback, that could provide added value [28,40]. The clinical integration of diverse device-linked mobile apps remains challenging, as does the collection of comprehensive patient data [41]. Design failures are likely when developers overlook patient needs [42]. Thus, clinical staff should regularly collect patient feedback on their expectations for device design and functionality, sharing this input with manufacturers and researchers to drive design and functional upgrades of EIMDs [43].

The future development of electronic inhaler monitoring devices would benefit from a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach. A team inclusive of stakeholders from clinical practice, design, and patient advocacy could apply participatory design methods to develop low-cost, user-friendly devices that meet diverse patient needs, improving both accessibility and acceptance.

Previous research [44] also suggests that family caregivers are supportive of patients adopting innovative mHealth technologies. Patients often rely on family caregivers and peers for assistance with such devices, consistent with our findings. Patients express a desire for family support during device use, underscoring the importance of engaging family members actively in the management of electronic inhaler monitoring devices. Family involvement not only provides oversight but can also promote adherence to prescribed treatment regimens. However, mobile monitoring devices may inadvertently reduce opportunities for direct patient-provider interactions, potentially affecting patient satisfaction and device usage [45]. Some patients believe that electronic monitoring devices cannot fully substitute for in-person communication with health care providers [26]. This review also indicates that patients require ongoing guidance from medical professionals to navigate device use effectively.

To support patient engagement, researchers should develop workflows that integrate electronic inhaler monitoring devices into clinical practice, clearly defining roles and responsibilities for all relevant stakeholders. Establishing a personalized management model that involves patients and their families may ultimately enhance adherence and improve clinical outcomes.

While this thematic review offers insight into variations across individual reports and provides a nuanced understanding of specific issues, certain limitations are unavoidable. The constraints of this systematic review primarily stem from the search strategy and inclusion criteria. Notably, we did not search the websites of companies that manufacture electronic monitoring devices for inhalation, focusing solely on peer-reviewed literature and excluding grey literature. In addition, reports not published in English were excluded, and reports were omitted if they focused exclusively on mobile medical apps without integrating electronic inhaler monitoring devices. Although the reports included represent 4 countries, with over half based in the United Kingdom, introducing potential bias due to limited geographical diversity.

Through the qualitative synthesis of reports on the experiences and perceptions of COPD and asthma patients using electronic inhaler monitoring devices, this review highlights both positive experiences and significant challenges that impact patient acceptability of these devices. Moving forward, device manufacturers should prioritize equipment and software upgrades that reflect patient expectations and needs. Expanding research on these devices in diverse respiratory patient populations will be essential to ultimately enhance device acceptability and improve patient outcomes.