@Article{info:doi/10.2196/10799,
author="Ludwig, Kim
and Arthur, Rosie
and Sculthorpe, Nicholas
and Fountain, Hollie
and Buchan, S. Duncan",
title="Text Messaging Interventions for Improvement in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Youth: Systematic Review",
journal="JMIR Mhealth Uhealth",
year="2018",
month="Sep",
day="17",
volume="6",
number="9",
pages="e10799",
keywords="review",
keywords="exercise",
keywords="sedentary lifestyle",
keywords="text messaging",
keywords="cell phone",
keywords="telemedicine",
keywords="adolescent",
abstract="Background: The use of text messages (short message service, SMS) to change physical activity and sedentary behavior in youth is of interest due to the need for novel, more effective intervention approaches. Previous reviews have examined a variety of technology-based interventions and their impact on different health behaviors, but evidence regarding the impact of just SMS on physical activity and sedentary behavior is lacking. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and use of theory of SMS interventions for improving physical activity and sedentary behavior in youth. Methods: Authors systematically searched electronic databases from March to November 2017. Citations were sifted using additional reviewers, and a qualitative synthesis of eligible studies was conducted using piloted data extraction forms. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to be of a randomized controlled or quasi-experimental design, incorporate SMS, involve adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 years, and assess at least one physical activity or sedentary behavior outcome. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool. Results: A total of 13 studies reporting 11 interventions were included in the qualitative analysis. Studies included interventions that were conducted in schools, online, or face-to-face. Studies were of high heterogeneity with regard to study duration, participant characteristics, intervention content, and outcome measures. Findings were equivocal with regard to intervention effectiveness for physical activity and sedentary behavior. Overall, 7 interventions resulted in an improvement for physical activity and 6 for sedentary behavior. All studies were judged to be of high risk of bias for at least 1 item. Conclusions: Some studies in this review showed promising results for using SMS to improve physical activity and sedentary behavior in youth. High heterogeneity of design and outcome measures precluded data pooling and conclusions as to which specific intervention elements are linked to increased effectiveness cannot be drawn. The authors propose incorporating the following elements in future studies: specific focus on desired health behavior; mixed-methods design; include long-term follow-up; include self-monitoring, goal setting, and feedback; combine SMS with a mobile app; and send 3 or more SMS text messages per week. More rigorous studies are needed to explore the relationship between intervention effectiveness and specific intervention components such as content and delivery. ",
doi="10.2196/10799",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/9/e10799/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30224335"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mhealth.8554,
author="Choi, Jihye
and Cho, Youngtae
and Woo, Hyekyung",
title="mHealth Approaches in Managing Skin Cancer: Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Research Using Integrative Mapping",
journal="JMIR Mhealth Uhealth",
year="2018",
month="Aug",
day="02",
volume="6",
number="8",
pages="e164",
keywords="skin cancer",
keywords="mHealth",
keywords="e-Health",
keywords="mobile technology",
keywords="teledermatology",
keywords="melanoma",
abstract="Background: mHealth, which encompasses mobile health technologies and interventions, is rapidly evolving in various medical specialties, and its impact is evident in oncology. In particular, mHealth has established itself as a prominent part of dermatology for cancer screening. Intensified research to seek its use and effectiveness in each phase of the skin cancer continuum is needed in this fast-growing field of teledermatology. Objective: The purpose of this review was to describe current trends in research addressing the integration of mHealth and its contributions across the skin cancer continuum. Methods: A systematic review framework was applied to the search using three electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. We extensively reviewed appropriate studies regarding skin cancer and mobile technology published between 2007 and 2017. Studies of the role and impact of mobile technology in the prevention and management of skin cancer were included. We selected 18 studies adhering to the inclusion and exclusion criteria for analysis. Results: Of the 18 studies, 5 (28\%) evaluated prevention interventions, 6 (33\%) assessed diagnostic accuracy, and 7 (39\%) pertained to feasibility in the context of mHealth approaches for skin cancer care. These studies portray the potential of mobile teledermatology in the prevention and management of skin cancer. However, not all phases of skin cancer involve mHealth, and not all have been addressed by research. Conclusions: This review extends our knowledge not only on the contributions of mHealth technologies, but also on their integration in different phases of skin cancer care. To optimize the effectiveness of mHealth in dermatology, larger numbers of robust, evidence-based studies on teledermatology implementations, distributed evenly across the care continuum, should be conducted so that research can be expanded to systematic reviews. ",
doi="10.2196/mhealth.8554",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/8/e164/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30072362"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/10115,
author="Adu, D. Mary
and Malabu, H. Usman
and Callander, J. Emily
and Malau-Aduli, EO Aduli
and Malau-Aduli, S. Bunmi",
title="Considerations for the Development of Mobile Phone Apps to Support Diabetes Self-Management: Systematic Review",
journal="JMIR Mhealth Uhealth",
year="2018",
month="Jun",
day="21",
volume="6",
number="6",
pages="e10115",
keywords="mobile phone apps",
keywords="diabetes melitus",
keywords="self-management",
keywords="developmental consideration",
keywords="systematic review",
abstract="Background: There is increased research interest in the use of mobile phone apps to support diabetes management. However, there are divergent views on what constitute the minimum standards for inclusion in the development of mobile phone apps. Mobile phone apps require an evidence-based approach to development which will consequently impact on their effectiveness. Therefore, comprehensive information on developmental considerations could help designers and researchers to develop innovative and effective patient-centered self-management mobile phone apps for diabetes patients. Objective: This systematic review examined the developmental considerations adopted in trials that engaged mobile phone applications for diabetes self-management. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was implemented across 5 electronic databases; Medline, Scopus, Social Science Citation Index, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINALHL) and supplemented by reference list from identified studies. Study quality was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Critical appraisal checklist for trials. Information on developmental factors (health behavioral theory, functionality, pilot testing, user and clinical expert involvements, data privacy and app security) were assessed across experimental studies using a template developed for the review. Results: A total of 11 studies (10 randomized controlled trials and 1 quasi-experimental trial) that fitted the inclusion criteria were identified. All the included studies had the functionality of self-monitoring of blood glucose. However, only some of them included functions for data analytics (7/11, 63.6\%), education (6/11, 54.5\%) and reminder (6/11, 54.5\%). There were 5/11(45.5\%) studies with significantly improved glycosylated hemoglobin in the intervention groups where educational functionality was present in the apps used in the 5 trials. Only 1 (1/11, 9.1\%) study considered health behavioral theory and user involvement, while 2 (2/11, 18.1\%) other studies reported the involvement of clinical experts in the development of their apps. There were 4 (4/11, 36.4\%) studies which referred to data security and privacy considerations during their app development while 7 (7/12, 63.6\%) studies provided information on pilot testing of apps before use in the full trial. Overall, none of the studies provided information on all developmental factors assessed in the review. Conclusions: There is a lack of elaborate and detailed information in the literature regarding the factors considered in the development of apps used as interventions for diabetes self-management. Documentation and inclusion of such vital information will foster a transparent and shared decision-making process that will ultimately lead to the development of practical and user-friendly self-management apps that can enhance the quality of life for diabetes patients. ",
doi="10.2196/10115",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/6/e10115/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29929949"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mhealth.9671,
author="Rivera-Romero, Octavio
and Olmo, Alberto
and Mu{\~{n}}oz, Roc{\'i}o
and Stiefel, Pablo
and Miranda, Luisa Mar{\'i}a
and Beltr{\'a}n, M. Luis",
title="Mobile Health Solutions for Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy: Scoping Literature Review",
journal="JMIR Mhealth Uhealth",
year="2018",
month="May",
day="30",
volume="6",
number="5",
pages="e130",
keywords="pregnancy",
keywords="hypertension",
keywords="pre-eclampsia",
keywords="blood pressure",
keywords="telemedicine",
abstract="Background: Hypertensive disorders are the most common complications during pregnancy, occurring in 5\% to 11\% of pregnancies; gestational hypertension and preeclampsia are the leading causes of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) where maternal and perinatal mortality ratios are still high. Pregnant women with hypertensive disorders could greatly benefit from mobile health (mHealth) solutions as a novel way to identify and control early symptoms, as shown in an increasing number of publications in the field. Such digital health solutions may overcome access limiting factors and the lack of skilled medical professionals and finances commonly presented in resource-poor environments. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct a literature review of mHealth solutions used as support in hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, with the objective to identify the most relevant protocols and prototypes that could influence and improve current clinical practice. Methods: A methodological review following a scoping methodology was conducted. Manuscripts published in research journals reporting technical information of mHealth solutions for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy were included, categorizing articles in different groups: Diagnosis and Monitoring, mHealth Decision Support System, Education, and Health Promotion, and seven research questions were posed to study the manuscripts. Results: The search in electronic research databases yielded 327 articles. After removing duplicates, 230 articles were selected for screening. Finally, 11 articles met the inclusion criteria, and data were extracted from them. Very positive results in the improvement of maternal health and acceptability of solutions were found, although most of the studies involved a small number of participants, and none were complete clinical studies. Accordingly, none of the reported prototypes were integrated in the different health care systems. Only 4 studies used sensors for physiological measurements, and only 2 used blood pressure sensors despite the importance of this physiological parameter in the control of hypertension. The reported mHealth solutions have great potential to improve clinical practice in areas lacking skilled medical professionals or with a low health care budget, of special relevance in LMIC, although again, no extensive clinical validation has been carried out in these environments. Conclusions: mHealth solutions hold enormous potential to support hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and improve current clinical practice. Although very positive results have been reported in terms of usability and the improvement of maternal health, rigorous complete clinical trials are still necessary to support integration in health care systems. There is a clear need for simple mHealth solutions specifically developed for resource-poor environments that meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG); of enormous interest in LMIC. ",
doi="10.2196/mhealth.9671",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/5/e130/"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mhealth.8639,
author="Lam, A. Jeffrey
and Dang, Thuy Linh
and Phan, Tran Ngoc
and Trinh, Thi Hue
and Vu, Cong Nguyen
and Nguyen, Kieu Cuong",
title="Mobile Health Initiatives in Vietnam: Scoping Study",
journal="JMIR Mhealth Uhealth",
year="2018",
month="Apr",
day="24",
volume="6",
number="4",
pages="e106",
keywords="mHealth",
keywords="eHealth",
keywords="mobile health",
keywords="telemedicine",
keywords="Vietnam",
keywords="scoping review",
abstract="Background: Mobile health (mHealth) offers a promising solution to the multitude of challenges the Vietnamese health system faces, but there is a scarcity of published information on mHealth in Vietnam. Objective: The objectives of this scoping study were (1) to summarize the extent, range, and nature of mHealth initiatives in Vietnam and (2) to examine the opportunities and threats of mHealth utilization in the Vietnamese context. Methods: This scoping study systematically identified and extracted relevant information from 20 past and current mHealth initiatives in Vietnam. The study includes multimodal information sources, including published literature, gray literature (ie, government reports and unpublished literature), conference presentations, Web-based documents, and key informant interviews. Results: We extracted information from 27 records from the electronic search and conducted 14 key informant interviews, allowing us to identify 20 mHealth initiatives in Vietnam. Most of the initiatives were primarily funded by external donors (n=15), while other initiatives were government funded (n=1) or self-funded (n=4). A majority of the initiatives targeted vulnerable and hard-to-reach populations (n=11), aimed to prevent the occurrence of disease (n=12), and used text messaging (short message service, SMS) as part of their intervention (n=14). The study revealed that Vietnamese mHealth implementation has been challenged by factors including features unique to the Vietnamese language (n=4) and sociocultural factors (n=3). Conclusions: The largest threats to the popularity of mHealth initiatives are the absence of government policy, lack of government interest, heavy dependence on foreign funding, and lack of technological infrastructure. Finally, while current mHealth initiatives have already demonstrated promising opportunities for alternative models of funding, such as social entrepreneurship or private business models, sustainable mHealth initiatives outside of those funded by external donors have not yet been undertaken. ",
doi="10.2196/mhealth.8639",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e106/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29691214"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/jmir.8342,
author="Elaheebocus, Ally Sheik Mohammad Roushdat
and Weal, Mark
and Morrison, Leanne
and Yardley, Lucy",
title="Peer-Based Social Media Features in Behavior Change Interventions: Systematic Review",
journal="J Med Internet Res",
year="2018",
month="Feb",
day="22",
volume="20",
number="2",
pages="e20",
keywords="systematic review",
keywords="social media",
keywords="behavior control",
keywords="health behavior",
keywords="behavioral medicine",
keywords="eHealth",
abstract="Background: Incorporating social media features into digital behavior change interventions (DBCIs) has the potential to contribute positively to their success. However, the lack of clear design principles to describe and guide the use of these features in behavioral interventions limits cross-study comparisons of their uses and effects. Objective: The aim of this study was to provide a systematic review of DBCIs targeting modifiable behavioral risk factors that have included social media features as part of their intervention infrastructure. A taxonomy of social media features is presented to inform the development, description, and evaluation of behavioral interventions. Methods: Search terms were used in 8 databases to identify DBCIs that incorporated social media features and targeted tobacco smoking, diet and nutrition, physical activities, or alcohol consumption. The screening and review process was performed by 2 independent researchers. Results: A total of 5264 articles were screened, and 143 articles describing a total of 134 studies were retained for full review. The majority of studies (70\%) reported positive outcomes, followed by 28\% finding no effects with regard to their respective objectives and hypothesis, and 2\% of the studies found that their interventions had negative outcomes. Few studies reported on the association between the inclusion of social media features and intervention effect. A taxonomy of social media features used in behavioral interventions has been presented with 36 social media features organized under 7 high-level categories. The taxonomy has been used to guide the analysis of this review. Conclusions: Although social media features are commonly included in DBCIs, there is an acute lack of information with respect to their effect on outcomes and a lack of clear guidance to inform the selection process based on the features' suitability for the different behaviors. The proposed taxonomy along with the set of recommendations included in this review will support future research aimed at isolating and reporting the effects of social media features on DBCIs, cross-study comparisons, and evaluations. ",
doi="10.2196/jmir.8342",
url="http://www.jmir.org/2018/2/e20/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29472174"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mhealth.8873,
author="Marcolino, Soriano Milena
and Oliveira, Queiroz Jo{\~a}o Antonio
and D'Agostino, Marcelo
and Ribeiro, Luiz Antonio
and Alkmim, Moreira Maria Beatriz
and Novillo-Ortiz, David",
title="The Impact of mHealth Interventions: Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews",
journal="JMIR Mhealth Uhealth",
year="2018",
month="Jan",
day="17",
volume="6",
number="1",
pages="e23",
keywords="telemedicine",
keywords="medical informatics",
keywords="mobile phones",
abstract="Background: Mobile phone usage has been rapidly increasing worldwide. mHealth could efficiently deliver high-quality health care, but the evidence supporting its current effectiveness is still mixed. Objective: We performed a systematic review of systematic reviews to assess the impact or effectiveness of mobile health (mHealth) interventions in different health conditions and in the processes of health care service delivery. Methods: We used a common search strategy of five major scientific databases, restricting the search by publication date, language, and parameters in methodology and content. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) checklist. Results: The searches resulted in a total of 10,689 articles. Of these, 23 systematic reviews (371 studies; more than 79,665 patients) were included. Seventeen reviews included studies performed in low- and middle-income countries. The studies used diverse mHealth interventions, most frequently text messaging (short message service, SMS) applied to different purposes (reminder, alert, education, motivation, prevention). Ten reviews were rated as low quality (AMSTAR score 0-4), seven were rated as moderate quality (AMSTAR score 5-8), and six were categorized as high quality (AMSTAR score 9-11). A beneficial impact of mHealth was observed in chronic disease management, showing improvement in symptoms and peak flow variability in asthma patients, reducing hospitalizations and improving forced expiratory volume in 1 second; improving chronic pulmonary diseases symptoms; improving heart failure symptoms, reducing deaths and hospitalization; improving glycemic control in diabetes patients; improving blood pressure in hypertensive patients; and reducing weight in overweight and obese patients. Studies also showed a positive impact of SMS reminders in improving attendance rates, with a similar impact to phone call reminders at reduced cost, and improved adherence to tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus therapy in some scenarios, with evidence of decrease of viral load. Conclusions: Although mHealth is growing in popularity, the evidence for efficacy is still limited. In general, the methodological quality of the studies included in the systematic reviews is low. For some fields, its impact is not evident, the results are mixed, or no long-term studies exist. Exceptions include the moderate quality evidence of improvement in asthma patients, attendance rates, and increased smoking abstinence rates. Most studies were performed in high-income countries, implying that mHealth is still at an early stage of development in low-income countries. ",
doi="10.2196/mhealth.8873",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/1/e23/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29343463"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mhealth.8998,
author="Chen, Huan
and Chai, Yanling
and Dong, Le
and Niu, Wenyi
and Zhang, Puhong",
title="Effectiveness and Appropriateness of mHealth Interventions for Maternal and Child Health: Systematic Review",
journal="JMIR Mhealth Uhealth",
year="2018",
month="Jan",
day="09",
volume="6",
number="1",
pages="e7",
keywords="telemedicine",
keywords="maternal health",
keywords="child health",
abstract="Background: The application of mobile health (mHealth) technology in reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) is increasing worldwide. However, best practice and the most effective mHealth interventions have not been reviewed systematically. Objective: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of mHealth interventions for RMNCH around the world were conducted to investigate their characteristics as well as the features and effectiveness of mHealth interventions. Methods: Studies of mHealth interventions for RMNCH between January 2011 and December 2016 were retrieved from 6 databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Global Health, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Medium). Comparable studies were included in a random-effects meta-analysis for both exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and antenatal checks (ANC). Descriptive analyses were conducted for mHealth studies with a range of study designs. Results: Analyses of 245 studies were included, including 51 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Results showed that there are increasing numbers of studies on mHealth interventions for RMNCH. Although 2 meta-analysis, one with 2 RCTs on EBF (odds ratio [OR] 2.03, 95\% CI 1.34-3.08, I2=25\%) and the other with 3 RCTs on ANC (OR 1.43, 95\% CI 1.13-1.79, I2=78\%), showed that mHealth interventions are more effective than usual care, almost half (43\%) of RCTs showed negative or unclear results on mHealth interventions. Functions described in mHealth interventions were diverse, and the health stages covered were broad. However, single function or single stage appeared to be dominant among mHealth interventions compared with multiple functions or stages. Conclusions: More rigorous evaluations are needed to draw consistent conclusions and to analyze mHealth products with multiple functions, especially those popular in the app markets. ",
doi="10.2196/mhealth.8998",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2018/1/e7/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29317380"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mhealth.8671,
author="Dougherty, Bryn
and Badawy, M. Sherif",
title="Using Google Glass in Nonsurgical Medical Settings: Systematic Review",
journal="JMIR Mhealth Uhealth",
year="2017",
month="Oct",
day="19",
volume="5",
number="10",
pages="e159",
keywords="Google Glass",
keywords="wearable",
keywords="wearable device",
keywords="head-mounted wearable device",
keywords="non-surgical setting",
keywords="non-surgical condition",
keywords="medical setting",
keywords="medical condition",
abstract="Background: Wearable technologies provide users hands-free access to computer functions and are becoming increasingly popular on both the consumer market and in various industries. The medical industry has pioneered research and implementation of head-mounted wearable devices, such as Google Glass. Most of this research has focused on surgical interventions; however, other medical fields have begun to explore the potential of this technology to support both patients and clinicians. Objective: Our aim was to systematically evaluate the feasibility, usability, and acceptability of using Google Glass in nonsurgical medical settings and to determine the benefits, limitations, and future directions of its application. Methods: This review covers literature published between January 2013 and May 2017. Searches included PubMed MEDLINE, Embase, INSPEC (Ebsco), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), IEEE Explore, Web of Science, Scopus, and Compendex. The search strategy sought all articles on Google Glass. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, assessed full-text articles, and extracted data from articles that met all predefined criteria. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion or consultation by the senior author. Included studies were original research articles that evaluated the feasibility, usability, or acceptability of Google Glass in nonsurgical medical settings. The preferred reporting results of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed for reporting of results. Results: Of the 852 records examined, 51 met all predefined criteria, including patient-centered (n=21) and clinician-centered studies (n=30). Patient-centered studies explored the utility of Google Glass in supporting patients with motor impairments (n=8), visual impairments (n=5), developmental and psychiatric disorders (n=2), weight management concerns (n=3), allergies (n=1), or other health concerns (n=2). Clinician-centered studies explored the utility of Google Glass in student training (n=9), disaster relief (n=4), diagnostics (n=2), nursing (n=1), autopsy and postmortem examination (n=1), wound care (n=1), behavioral sciences (n=1), and various medical subspecialties, including, cardiology (n=3), radiology (n=3), neurology (n=1), anesthesiology (n=1), pulmonology (n=1), toxicology (n=1), and dermatology (n=1). Most of the studies were conducted in the United States (40/51, 78\%), did not report specific age information for participants (38/51, 75\%), had sample size <30 participants (29/51, 57\%), and were pilot or feasibility studies (31/51, 61\%). Most patient-centered studies (19/21, 90\%) demonstrated feasibility with high satisfaction and acceptability among participants, despite a few technical challenges with the device. A number of clinician-centered studies (11/30, 37\%) reported low to moderate satisfaction among participants, with the most promising results being in the area of student training. Studies varied in sample size, approach for implementation of Google Glass, and outcomes assessment. Conclusions: The use of Google Glass in nonsurgical medical settings varied. More promising results regarding the feasibility, usability, and acceptability of using Google Glass were seen in patient-centered studies and student training settings. Further research evaluating the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of Google Glass as an intervention to improve important clinical outcomes is warranted. ",
doi="10.2196/mhealth.8671",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2017/10/e159/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29051136"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mhealth.7014,
author="Moore, Sarah
and Tass{\'e}, Anne-Marie
and Thorogood, Adrian
and Winship, Ingrid
and Zawati, Ma'n
and Doerr, Megan",
title="Consent Processes for Mobile App Mediated Research: Systematic Review",
journal="JMIR Mhealth Uhealth",
year="2017",
month="Aug",
day="30",
volume="5",
number="8",
pages="e126",
keywords="mHealth, informed consent, smartphone, cell phone, mobile applications, privacy, research ethics",
abstract="Background: Since the launch of ResearchKit on the iOS platform in March 2015 and ResearchStack on the Android platform in June 2016, many academic and commercial institutions around the world have adapted these frameworks to develop mobile app-based research studies. These studies cover a wide variety of subject areas including melanoma, cardiomyopathy, and autism. Additionally, these app-based studies target a variety of participant populations, including children and pregnant women. Objective: The aim of this review was to document the variety of self-administered remote informed consent processes used in app-based research studies available between May and September 2016. Remote consent is defined as any consenting process with zero in-person steps, when a participant is able to join a study without ever seeing a member of the research team. This type of review has not been previously conducted. The research community would benefit from a rigorous interrogation of the types of consent taken as part of the seismic shift to entirely mobile meditated research studies. Methods: This review examines both the process of information giving and specific content shared, with special attention to data privacy, aggregation, and sharing. Results: Consistency across some elements of the app-based consent processes was found; for example, informing participants about how data will be curated from the phone. Variations in other elements were identified; for example, where specific information is shared and the level of detail disclosed. Additionally, several novel elements present in eConsent not typically seen in traditional consent for research were highlighted. Conclusions: This review advocates the importance of participant informedness in a novel and largely unregulated research setting. ",
doi="10.2196/mhealth.7014",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2017/8/e126/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28855147"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mhealth.7088,
author="Killikelly, Clare
and He, Zhimin
and Reeder, Clare
and Wykes, Til",
title="Improving Adherence to Web-Based and Mobile Technologies for People With Psychosis: Systematic Review of New Potential Predictors of Adherence",
journal="JMIR Mhealth Uhealth",
year="2017",
month="Jul",
day="20",
volume="5",
number="7",
pages="e94",
keywords="patient compliance",
keywords="schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders",
keywords="mobile phone",
keywords="mHealth",
abstract="Background: Despite the boom in new technologically based interventions for people with psychosis, recent studies suggest medium to low rates of adherence to these types of interventions. The benefits will be limited if only a minority of service users adhere and engage; if specific predictors of adherence can be identified then technologies can be adapted to increase the service user benefits. Objective: The study aimed to present a systematic review of rates of adherence, dropout, and approaches to analyzing adherence to newly developed mobile and Web-based interventions for people with psychosis. Specific predictors of adherence were also explored. Methods: Using keywords (Internet or online or Web-based or website or mobile) AND (bipolar disorder or manic depression or manic depressive illness or manic-depressive psychosis or psychosis or schizophr* or psychotic), the following databases were searched: OVID including MedLine, EMBASE and PsychInfo, Pubmed and Web of Science. The objectives and inclusion criteria for suitable studies were defined following PICOS (population: people with psychosis; intervention: mobile or Internet-based technology; comparison group: no comparison group specified; outcomes: measures of adherence; study design: randomized controlled trials (RCT), feasibility studies, and observational studies) criteria. In addition to measurement and analysis of adherence, two theoretically proposed predictors of adherence were examined: (1) level of support from a clinician or researcher throughout the study, and (2) level of service user involvement in the app or intervention development. We provide a narrative synthesis of the findings and followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for reporting systematic reviews. Results: Of the 20 studies that reported a measure of adherence and a rate of dropout, 5 of these conducted statistical analyses to determine predictors of dropout, 6 analyzed the effects of specific adherence predictors (eg, symptom severity or type of technological interface) on the effects of the intervention, 4 administered poststudy feedback questionnaires to assess continued use of the intervention, and 2 studies evaluated the effects of different types of interventions on adherence. Overall, the percentage of participants adhering to interventions ranged from 28-100\% with a mean of 83\%. Adherence was greater in studies with higher levels of social support and service user involvement in the development of the intervention. Studies of shorter duration also had higher rates of adherence. Conclusions: Adherence to mobile and Web-based interventions was robust across most studies. Although 2 studies found specific predictors of nonadherence (male gender and younger age), most did not specifically analyze predictors. The duration of the study may be an important predictor of adherence. Future studies should consider reporting a universal measure of adherence and aim to conduct complex analyses on predictors of adherence such as level of social presence and service user involvement. ",
doi="10.2196/mhealth.7088",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2017/7/e94/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28729235"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mhealth.7141,
author="Kim, YB Ben
and Lee, Joon",
title="Smart Devices for Older Adults Managing Chronic Disease: A Scoping Review",
journal="JMIR Mhealth Uhealth",
year="2017",
month="May",
day="23",
volume="5",
number="5",
pages="e69",
keywords="mobile health",
keywords="mHealth",
keywords="smartphone",
keywords="mobile phone",
keywords="tablet",
keywords="older adults",
keywords="seniors",
keywords="chronic disease",
keywords="chronic disease management",
keywords="scoping review",
abstract="Background: The emergence of smartphones and tablets featuring vastly advancing functionalities (eg, sensors, computing power, interactivity) has transformed the way mHealth interventions support chronic disease management for older adults. Baby boomers have begun to widely adopt smart devices and have expressed their desire to incorporate technologies into their chronic care. Although smart devices are actively used in research, little is known about the extent, characteristics, and range of smart device-based interventions. Objective: We conducted a scoping review to (1) understand the nature, extent, and range of smart device-based research activities, (2) identify the limitations of the current research and knowledge gap, and (3) recommend future research directions. Methods: We used the Arksey and O'Malley framework to conduct a scoping review. We identified relevant studies from MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases using search terms related to mobile health, chronic disease, and older adults. Selected studies used smart devices, sampled older adults, and were published in 2010 or after. The exclusion criteria were sole reliance on text messaging (short message service, SMS) or interactive voice response, validation of an electronic version of a questionnaire, postoperative monitoring, and evaluation of usability. We reviewed references. We charted quantitative data and analyzed qualitative studies using thematic synthesis. To collate and summarize the data, we used the chronic care model. Results: A total of 51 articles met the eligibility criteria. Research activity increased steeply in 2014 (17/51, 33\%) and preexperimental design predominated (16/50, 32\%). Diabetes (16/46, 35\%) and heart failure management (9/46, 20\%) were most frequently studied. We identified diversity and heterogeneity in the collection of biometrics and patient-reported outcome measures within and between chronic diseases. Across studies, we found 8 self-management supporting strategies and 4 distinct communication channels for supporting the decision-making process. In particular, self-monitoring (38/40, 95\%), automated feedback (15/40, 38\%), and patient education (13/40, 38\%) were commonly used as self-management support strategies. Of the 23 studies that implemented decision support strategies, clinical decision making was delegated to patients in 10 studies (43\%). The impact on patient outcomes was consistent with studies that used cellular phones. Patients with heart failure and asthma reported improved quality of life. Qualitative analysis yielded 2 themes of facilitating technology adoption for older adults and 3 themes of barriers. Conclusions: Limitations of current research included a lack of gerontological focus, dominance of preexperimental design, narrow research scope, inadequate support for participants, and insufficient evidence for clinical outcome. Recommendations for future research include generating evidence for smart device-based programs, using patient-generated data for advanced data mining techniques, validating patient decision support systems, and expanding mHealth practice through innovative technologies. ",
doi="10.2196/mhealth.7141",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2017/5/e69/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28536089"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/jmir.7428,
author="Gibson, G. Dustin
and Pereira, Amanda
and Farrenkopf, A. Brooke
and Labrique, B. Alain
and Pariyo, W. George
and Hyder, A. Adnan",
title="Mobile Phone Surveys for Collecting Population-Level Estimates in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Literature Review",
journal="J Med Internet Res",
year="2017",
month="May",
day="05",
volume="19",
number="5",
pages="e139",
keywords="survey methodology",
keywords="cellular phone",
keywords="interactive voice response",
keywords="short messages service",
keywords="computer-assisted telephone interview",
keywords="mobile phone surveys",
abstract="Background: National and subnational level surveys are important for monitoring disease burden, prioritizing resource allocation, and evaluating public health policies. As mobile phone access and ownership become more common globally, mobile phone surveys (MPSs) offer an opportunity to supplement traditional public health household surveys. Objective: The objective of this study was to systematically review the current landscape of MPSs to collect population-level estimates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: Primary and gray literature from 7 online databases were systematically searched for studies that deployed MPSs to collect population-level estimates. Titles and abstracts were screened on primary inclusion and exclusion criteria by two research assistants. Articles that met primary screening requirements were read in full and screened for secondary eligibility criteria. Articles included in review were grouped into the following three categories by their survey modality: (1) interactive voice response (IVR), (2) short message service (SMS), and (3) human operator or computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI). Data were abstracted by two research assistants. The conduct and reporting of the review conformed to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Results: A total of 6625 articles were identified through the literature review. Overall, 11 articles were identified that contained 19 MPS (CATI, IVR, or SMS) surveys to collect population-level estimates across a range of topics. MPSs were used in Latin America (n=8), the Middle East (n=1), South Asia (n=2), and sub-Saharan Africa (n=8). Nine articles presented results for 10 CATI surveys (10/19, 53\%). Two articles discussed the findings of 6 IVR surveys (6/19, 32\%). Three SMS surveys were identified from 2 articles (3/19, 16\%). Approximately 63\% (12/19) of MPS were delivered to mobile phone numbers collected from previously administered household surveys. The majority of MPS (11/19, 58\%) were panel surveys where a cohort of participants, who often were provided a mobile phone upon a face-to-face enrollment, were surveyed multiple times. Conclusions: Very few reports of population-level MPS were identified. Of the MPS that were identified, the majority of surveys were conducted using CATI. Due to the limited number of identified IVR and SMS surveys, the relative advantages and disadvantages among the three survey modalities cannot be adequately assessed. The majority of MPS were sent to mobile phone numbers that were collected from a previously administered household survey. There is limited evidence on whether a random digit dialing (RDD) approach or a simple random sample of mobile network provided list of numbers can produce a population representative survey. ",
doi="10.2196/jmir.7428",
url="http://www.jmir.org/2017/5/e139/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28476725"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mhealth.6309,
author="Bonoto, Cezar Br{\'a}ulio
and de Ara{\'u}jo, Eloisa V{\^a}nia
and God{\'o}i, Piassi Isabella
and de Lemos, Pires L{\'i}via Lovato
and Godman, Brian
and Bennie, Marion
and Diniz, Mauricio Leonardo
and Junior, Guerra Augusto Afonso",
title="Efficacy of Mobile Apps to Support the Care of Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials",
journal="JMIR Mhealth Uhealth",
year="2017",
month="Mar",
day="01",
volume="5",
number="3",
pages="e4",
keywords="diabetes mellitus",
keywords="self-care",
keywords="mobile applications",
keywords="telemedicine",
abstract="Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that is considered a global public health problem. Education and self-monitoring by diabetic patients help to optimize and make possible a satisfactory metabolic control enabling improved management and reduced morbidity and mortality. The global growth in the use of mobile phones makes them a powerful platform to help provide tailored health, delivered conveniently to patients through health apps. Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of mobile apps through a systematic review and meta-analysis to assist DM patients in treatment. Methods: We conducted searches in the electronic databases MEDLINE (Pubmed), Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature), including manual search in references of publications that included systematic reviews, specialized journals, and gray literature. We considered eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted after 2008 with participants of all ages, patients with DM, and users of apps to help manage the disease. The meta-analysis of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was performed in Review Manager software version 5.3. Results: The literature search identified 1236 publications. Of these, 13 studies were included that evaluated 1263 patients. In 6 RCTs, there were a statistical significant reduction (P<.05) of HbA1c at the end of studies in the intervention group. The HbA1c data were evaluated by meta-analysis with the following results (mean difference, MD ?0.44; CI: ?0.59 to ?0.29; P<.001; I{\texttwosuperior}=32\%).The evaluation favored the treatment in patients who used apps without significant heterogeneity. Conclusions: The use of apps by diabetic patients could help improve the control of HbA1c. In addition, the apps seem to strengthen the perception of self-care by contributing better information and health education to patients. Patients also become more self-confident to deal with their diabetes, mainly by reducing their fear of not knowing how to deal with potential hypoglycemic episodes that may occur. ",
doi="10.2196/mhealth.6309",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2017/3/e4/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28249834"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mhealth.5720,
author="Pham, Quynh
and Wiljer, David
and Cafazzo, A. Joseph",
title="Beyond the Randomized Controlled Trial: A Review of Alternatives in mHealth Clinical Trial Methods",
journal="JMIR Mhealth Uhealth",
year="2016",
month="Sep",
day="09",
volume="4",
number="3",
pages="e107",
keywords="mobile health",
keywords="mobile applications",
keywords="smartphones",
keywords="medical informatics",
keywords="research design",
keywords="clinical trials",
abstract="Background: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have long been considered the primary research study design capable of eliciting causal relationships between health interventions and consequent outcomes. However, with a prolonged duration from recruitment to publication, high-cost trial implementation, and a rigid trial protocol, RCTs are perceived as an impractical evaluation methodology for most mHealth apps. Objective: Given the recent development of alternative evaluation methodologies and tools to automate mHealth research, we sought to determine the breadth of these methods and the extent that they were being used in clinical trials. Methods: We conducted a review of the ClinicalTrials.gov registry to identify and examine current clinical trials involving mHealth apps and retrieved relevant trials registered between November 2014 and November 2015. Results: Of the 137 trials identified, 71 were found to meet inclusion criteria. The majority used a randomized controlled trial design (80\%, 57/71). Study designs included 36 two-group pretest-posttest control group comparisons (51\%, 36/71), 16 posttest-only control group comparisons (23\%, 16/71), 7 one-group pretest-posttest designs (10\%, 7/71), 2 one-shot case study designs (3\%, 2/71), and 2 static-group comparisons (3\%, 2/71). A total of 17 trials included a qualitative component to their methodology (24\%, 17/71). Complete trial data collection required 20 months on average to complete (mean 21, SD 12). For trials with a total duration of 2 years or more (31\%, 22/71), the average time from recruitment to complete data collection (mean 35 months, SD 10) was 2 years longer than the average time required to collect primary data (mean 11, SD 8). Trials had a moderate sample size of 112 participants. Two trials were conducted online (3\%, 2/71) and 7 trials collected data continuously (10\%, 7/68). Onsite study implementation was heavily favored (97\%, 69/71). Trials with four data collection points had a longer study duration than trials with two data collection points: F4,56=3.2, P=.021, $\eta$2=0.18. Single-blinded trials had a longer data collection period compared to open trials: F2,58=3.8, P=.028, $\eta$2=0.12. Academic sponsorship was the most common form of trial funding (73\%, 52/71). Trials with academic sponsorship had a longer study duration compared to industry sponsorship: F2,61=3.7, P=.030, $\eta$2=0.11. Combined, data collection frequency, study masking, sample size, and study sponsorship accounted for 32.6\% of the variance in study duration: F4,55=6.6, P<.01, adjusted r2=.33. Only 7 trials had been completed at the time this retrospective review was conducted (10\%, 7/71). Conclusions: mHealth evaluation methodology has not deviated from common methods, despite the need for more relevant and timely evaluations. There is a need for clinical evaluation to keep pace with the level of innovation of mHealth if it is to have meaningful impact in informing payers, providers, policy makers, and patients. ",
doi="10.2196/mhealth.5720",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2016/3/e107/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27613084"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mhealth.5127,
author="Matthew-Maich, Nancy
and Harris, Lauren
and Ploeg, Jenny
and Markle-Reid, Maureen
and Valaitis, Ruta
and Ibrahim, Sarah
and Gafni, Amiram
and Isaacs, Sandra",
title="Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Mobile Health Technologies for Managing Chronic Conditions in Older Adults: A Scoping Review",
journal="JMIR mHealth uHealth",
year="2016",
month="Jun",
day="09",
volume="4",
number="2",
pages="e29",
keywords="Telemedicine",
keywords="Mobile health",
keywords="Health Plan Implementations",
keywords="Evaluation Studies as Topic",
keywords="Design",
keywords="mHealth Innovations",
keywords="Frail Elderly",
keywords="Older Adults",
keywords="Multiple Chronic Conditions",
keywords="Home Care Services",
keywords="Scoping Review",
keywords="Communication",
keywords="Information Communication Technologies",
abstract="Background: The current landscape of a rapidly aging population accompanied by multiple chronic conditions presents numerous challenges to optimally support the complex needs of this group. Mobile health (mHealth) technologies have shown promise in supporting older persons to manage chronic conditions; however, there remains a dearth of evidence-informed guidance to develop such innovations. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to conduct a scoping review of current practices and recommendations for designing, implementing, and evaluating mHealth technologies to support the management of chronic conditions in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: A 5-stage scoping review methodology was used to map the relevant literature published between January 2005 and March 2015 as follows: (1) identified the research question, (2) identified relevant studies, (3) selected relevant studies for review, (4) charted data from selected literature, and (5) summarized and reported results. Electronic searches were conducted in 5 databases. In addition, hand searches of reference lists and a key journal were completed. Inclusion criteria were research and nonresearch papers focused on mHealth technologies designed for use by community-living older adults with at least one chronic condition, or health care providers or informal caregivers providing care in the home and community setting. Two reviewers independently identified articles for review and extracted data. Results: We identified 42 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Of these, described innovations focused on older adults with specific chronic conditions (n=17), chronic conditions in general (n=6), or older adults in general or those receiving homecare services (n=18). Most of the mHealth solutions described were designed for use by both patients and health care providers or health care providers only. Thematic categories identified included the following: (1) practices and considerations when designing mHealth technologies; (2) factors that support/hinder feasibility, acceptability, and usability of mHealth technologies; and (3) approaches or methods for evaluating mHealth technologies. Conclusions: There is limited yet increasing use of mHealth technologies in home health care for older adults. A user-centered, collaborative, interdisciplinary approach to enhance feasibility, acceptability, and usability of mHealth innovations is imperative. Creating teams with the required pools of expertise and insight regarding needs is critical. The cyclical, iterative process of developing mHealth innovations needs to be viewed as a whole with supportive theoretical frameworks. Many barriers to implementation and sustainability have limited the number of successful, evidence-based mHealth solutions beyond the pilot or feasibility stage. The science of implementation of mHealth technologies in home-based care for older adults and self-management of chronic conditions are important areas for further research. Additionally, changing needs as cohorts and technologies advance are important considerations. Lessons learned from the data and important implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed to inform the future development of innovations. ",
doi="10.2196/mhealth.5127",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2016/2/e29/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27282195"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mhealth.3216,
author="Nhavoto, Ant{\'o}nio Jos{\'e}
and Gr{\"o}nlund, {\AA}ke",
title="Mobile Technologies and Geographic Information Systems to Improve Health Care Systems: A Literature Review",
journal="JMIR mHealth uHealth",
year="2014",
month="May",
day="08",
volume="2",
number="2",
pages="e21",
keywords="health care",
keywords="eHealth",
keywords="mobile technology",
keywords="mobile phone",
keywords="SMS",
keywords="text messaging",
keywords="geographic information system",
keywords="GIS",
abstract="Background: A growing body of research has employed mobile technologies and geographic information systems (GIS) for enhancing health care and health information systems, but there is yet a lack of studies of how these two types of systems are integrated together into the information infrastructure of an organization so as to provide a basis for data analysis and decision support. Integration of data and technical systems across the organization is necessary for efficient large-scale implementation. Objective: The aim of this paper is to identify how mobile technologies and GIS applications have been used, independently as well as in combination, for improving health care. Methods: The electronic databases PubMed, BioMed Central, Wiley Online Library, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science were searched to retrieve English language articles published in international academic journals after 2005. Only articles addressing the use of mobile or GIS technologies and that met a prespecified keyword strategy were selected for review. Results: A total of 271 articles were selected, among which 220 concerned mobile technologies and 51 GIS. Most articles concern developed countries (198/271, 73.1\%), and in particular the United States (81/271, 29.9\%), United Kingdom (31/271, 11.4\%), and Canada (14/271, 5.2\%). Applications of mobile technologies can be categorized by six themes: treatment and disease management, data collection and disease surveillance, health support systems, health promotion and disease prevention, communication between patients and health care providers or among providers, and medical education. GIS applications can be categorized by four themes: disease surveillance, health support systems, health promotion and disease prevention, and communication to or between health care providers. Mobile applications typically focus on using text messaging (short message service, SMS) for communication between patients and health care providers, most prominently reminders and advice to patients. These applications generally have modest benefits and may be appropriate for implementation. Integration of health data using GIS technology also exhibit modest benefits such as improved understanding of the interplay of psychological, social, environmental, area-level, and sociodemographic influences on physical activity. The studies evaluated showed promising results in helping patients treating different illnesses and managing their condition effectively. However, most studies use small sample sizes and short intervention periods, which means limited clinical or statistical significance. Conclusions: A vast majority of the papers report positive results, including retention rate, benefits for patients, and economic gains for the health care provider. However, implementation issues are little discussed, which means the reasons for the scarcity of large-scale implementations, which might be expected given the overwhelmingly positive results, are yet unclear. There is also little combination between GIS and mobile technologies. In order for health care processes to be effective they must integrate different kinds of existing technologies and data. Further research and development is necessary to provide integration and better understand implementation issues. ",
doi="10.2196/mhealth.3216",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2014/2/e21/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25099368"
}


@Article{info:doi/10.2196/mhealth.2688,
author="Goel, Sonu
and Bhatnagar, Nidhi
and Sharma, Deepak
and Singh, Amarjeet",
title="Bridging the Human Resource Gap in Primary Health Care Delivery Systems of Developing Countries With mHealth: Narrative Literature Review",
journal="JMIR Mhealth Uhealth",
year="2013",
month="Dec",
day="03",
volume="1",
number="2",
pages="e25",
keywords="mHealth",
keywords="human resource",
keywords="health",
keywords="developing countries",
keywords="projects",
abstract="Background: Mobile health (mHealth) has the potential to solve human resource issues in the health care sector. mHealth is of particular interest in developing countries, where widespread mobile networks and access to devices are connecting people like never before. Objective: The aim of this paper was to review published and unpublished literature, field projects, and pilot studies on mHealth usage in overcoming shortage of human health resources in developing countries. Methods: A narrative literature review was undertaken using an iterative approach in extracting literature focused on mHealth and human health resources of low-income countries, especially India. The present review has undertaken comprehensive coverage of the work on related field projects that have been either published, accepted for publication, or pilot tested. Results: This review presented the use of mHealth across various dimensions of primary health care, including data collection, disease surveillance, health education, supervision, monitoring, and feedback. Field studies of fast, error-free data collection and transmission using mHealth were also documented. New apps for supervision, monitoring, and utilization of innovative health education tools were documented in the current review. Practical limitations of mHealth and challenges set forth in developing countries included issues of data security, cost constraints, health provider privacy, and technical barriers. Conclusions: In the present review, we have documented a few mHealth projects that contribute to the proficient use of human resources. These projects pave the path for the efficient utilization of mHealth, offering solutions to emerging human resource challenges and simultaneously revamping the health care delivery in resource-limited settings. ",
doi="10.2196/mhealth.2688",
url="http://mhealth.jmir.org/2013/2/e25/",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25099436"
}