TY - JOUR AU - Okun, L. Michele AU - Payne, L. Jennifer AU - Osborne, M. Lauren AU - Feliciano, Leilani AU - Lac, Andrew PY - 2025/4/10 TI - Effects of Using a Smart Bassinet on the Mental Health of Military-Affiliated Pregnant Women: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Sleep Health and Mood in Newly Expectant Military Mothers (SHINE) Trial JO - JMIR Res Protoc SP - e66439 VL - 14 KW - maternal health KW - postpartum KW - pregnancy KW - sleep KW - infant KW - depression KW - anxiety KW - smart bassinet KW - intervention KW - prevention KW - military N2 - Background: Postpartum mood and anxiety disorders (PMADs) are higher among pregnant military service women (26%) and military spouses (12.2%) compared to the civilian population (10%-15%). This is partly due to military-specific factors, including deployment, which are known to increase risk. Important risk factors for PMADs include sleep disturbances, defined as sleep deprivation, insomnia, or poor sleep quality, which are more are common among military-affiliated pregnant women. Objective: This study describes a protocol for a new randomized controlled trial that aims to ameliorate the risk for PMADs through improving infant sleep or maternal sleep during the first 6 postdelivery months in a sample of military-affiliated women. Methods: This study is a 6-month, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial. Pregnant women (N=342) in the third trimester will be randomized at 1:1 ratio to use a smart bassinet (SB) or a standard commercially available bassinet (HALO BassiNest Swivel Sleeper 3.0; traditional bassinet [TB]) for up to 6 months after delivery. Participants will have their infants sleep in the bassinet, complete monthly web-based questionnaires, and record sleep data with diary and actigraphy for both the participants and their infants for 1 week each postpartum month. Blood samples will also be collected at baseline (late pregnancy) and at 3 months and 6 months post partum to assess immune functioning. The primary outcomes for this study will be postpartum mood (depressive and anxiety symptoms) and infant and maternal sleep. In addition, we are evaluating whether SB has a significant impact on immune functioning?a marker that physiologically connects sleep and mood symptoms. Results: Recruitment for this study began in January 2025. Six separate mixed 2 (treatment vs control) × 6 (assessment period) multivariate analysis of variance and analysis of variance models will be conducted to test the hypotheses that SB will have a greater impact on infant and maternal sleep than TB, SB will be associated with a greater reduction in postpartum mood symptoms than TB, and immune system function will be less dysregulated in birthing individuals using SB compared to those using TB. Lastly, we will evaluate whether the elevated risk demonstrated by previously identified postpartum depression epigenetic biomarkers in the TTC9B and HP1BP3 genes can be modified with an SB. We hypothesize that the elevated risk will be reduced in SB compared to that in TB. Conclusions: At the conclusion of this project, we will have gained a thorough understanding of the capability of SB to positively affect infant and maternal sleep compared to the traditional sleep arrangement and its impact on maternal mood through 6 months post partum in military-affiliated women. The promotion of sleep health in both mothers and infants may be an accessible and amenable method to prevent PMADs. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06544941; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06544941 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/66439 UR - https://www.researchprotocols.org/2025/1/e66439 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/66439 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ ID - info:doi/10.2196/66439 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Strauven, Hannelore AU - Wang, Chunzhuo AU - Hallez, Hans AU - Vanden Abeele, Vero AU - Vanrumste, Bart PY - 2024/12/24 TI - Unobtrusive Nighttime Movement Monitoring to Support Nursing Home Continence Care: Algorithm Development and Validation Study JO - JMIR Nursing SP - e58094 VL - 7 KW - nursing home KW - agitation KW - incontinence KW - accelerometer KW - unobtrusive KW - enuresis KW - sensor technology N2 - Background: The rising prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) among older adults, particularly those living in nursing homes (NHs), underscores the need for innovative continence care solutions. The implementation of an unobtrusive sensor system may support nighttime monitoring of NH residents? movements and, more specifically, the agitation possibly associated with voiding events. Objective: This study aims to explore the application of an unobtrusive sensor system to monitor nighttime movement, integrated into a care bed with accelerometer sensors connected to a pressure-redistributing care mattress. Methods: A total of 6 participants followed a 7-step protocol. The obtained dataset was segmented into 20-second windows with a 50% overlap. Each window was labeled with 1 of the 4 chosen activity classes: in bed, agitation, turn, and out of bed. A total of 1416 features were selected and analyzed with an XGBoost algorithm. At last, the model was validated using leave one subject out cross-validation (LOSOCV). Results: The trained model attained a trustworthy overall F1-score of 79.56% for all classes and, more specifically, an F1-score of 79.67% for the class ?Agitation.? Conclusions: The results from this study provide promising insights in unobtrusive nighttime movement monitoring. The study underscores the potential to enhance the quality of care for NH residents through a machine learning model based on data from accelerometers connected to a viscoelastic care mattress, thereby driving progress in the field of continence care and artificial intelligence?supported health care for older adults. UR - https://nursing.jmir.org/2024/1/e58094 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/58094 ID - info:doi/10.2196/58094 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Probst, Freya AU - Rees, Jessica AU - Aslam, Zayna AU - Mexia, Nikitia AU - Molteni, Erika AU - Matcham, Faith AU - Antonelli, Michela AU - Tinker, Anthea AU - Shi, Yu AU - Ourselin, Sebastien AU - Liu, Wei PY - 2024/12/17 TI - Evaluating a Smart Textile Loneliness Monitoring System for Older People: Co-Design and Qualitative Focus Group Study JO - JMIR Aging SP - e57622 VL - 7 KW - loneliness KW - smart textiles KW - wearable technology KW - health monitoring KW - older people KW - co-design KW - design requirement KW - mobile phone N2 - Background: Previous studies have explored how sensor technologies can assist in in the detection, recognition, and prevention of subjective loneliness. These studies have shown a correlation between physiological and behavioral sensor data and the experience of loneliness. However, little research has been conducted on the design requirements from the perspective of older people and stakeholders in technology development. The use of these technologies and infrastructural questions have been insufficiently addressed. Systems generally consist of sensors or software installed in smartphones or homes. However, no studies have attempted to use smart textiles, which are fabrics with integrated electronics. Objective: This study aims to understand the design requirements for a smart textile loneliness monitoring system from the perspectives of older people and stakeholders. Methods: We conducted co-design workshops with 5 users and 6 stakeholders to determine the design requirements for smart textile loneliness monitoring systems. We derived a preliminary product concept of the smart wearable and furniture system. Digital and physical models and a use case were evaluated in a focus group study with older people and stakeholders (n=7). Results: The results provided insights for designing systems that use smart textiles to monitor loneliness in older people and widen their use. The findings informed the general system, wearables and furniture, materials, sensor positioning, washing, sensor synchronization devices, charging, intervention, and installation and maintenance requirements. This study provided the first insight from a human-centered perspective into smart textile loneliness monitoring systems for older people. Conclusions: We recommend more research on the intervention that links to the monitored loneliness in a way that addresses different needs to ensure its usefulness and value to people. Future systems must also reflect on questions of identification of system users and the available infrastructure and life circumstances of people. We further found requirements that included user cooperation, compatibility with other worn medical devices, and long-term durability. UR - https://aging.jmir.org/2024/1/e57622 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/57622 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39688889 ID - info:doi/10.2196/57622 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Steen-Olsen, Balch Emma AU - Pappot, Helle AU - Hjerming, Maiken AU - Hanghoej, Signe AU - Holländer-Mieritz, Cecilie PY - 2024/5/1 TI - Monitoring Adolescent and Young Adult Patients With Cancer via a Smart T-Shirt: Prospective, Single-Cohort, Mixed Methods Feasibility Study (OncoSmartShirt Study) JO - JMIR Mhealth Uhealth SP - e50620 VL - 12 KW - smart T-shirt KW - AYA KW - oncology KW - home monitoring KW - patients' perspective KW - perspective KW - perspectives KW - experiences KW - experience KW - youth KW - adolescent KW - adolescents KW - smart KW - monitoring KW - biometric KW - sensor KW - sensors KW - young adult KW - young adults KW - feasibility KW - cancer KW - cancers KW - electrode KW - electrodes KW - adherence KW - mobile phone N2 - Background: Wearables that measure vital parameters can be potential tools for monitoring patients at home during cancer treatment. One type of wearable is a smart T-shirt with embedded sensors. Initially, smart T-shirts were designed to aid athletes in their performance analyses. Recently however, researchers have been investigating the use of smart T-shirts as supportive tools in health care. In general, the knowledge on the use of wearables for symptom monitoring during cancer treatment is limited, and consensus and awareness about compliance or adherence are lacking. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate adherence to and experiences with using a smart T-shirt for the home monitoring of biometric sensor data among adolescent and young adult patients undergoing cancer treatment during a 2-week period. Methods: This study was a prospective, single-cohort, mixed methods feasibility study. The inclusion criteria were patients aged 18 to 39 years and those who were receiving treatment at Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Denmark. Consenting patients were asked to wear the Chronolife smart T-shirt for a period of 2 weeks. The smart T-shirt had multiple sensors and electrodes, which engendered the following six measurements: electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements, thoracic respiration, abdominal respiration, thoracic impedance, physical activity (steps), and skin temperature. The primary end point was adherence, which was defined as a wear time of >8 hours per day. The patient experience was investigated via individual, semistructured telephone interviews and a paper questionnaire. Results: A total of 10 patients were included. The number of days with wear times of >8 hours during the study period (14 d) varied from 0 to 6 (mean 2 d). Further, 3 patients had a mean wear time of >8 hours during each of their days with data registration. The number of days with any data registration ranged from 0 to 10 (mean 6.4 d). The thematic analysis of interviews pointed to the following three main themes: (1) the smart T-shirt is cool but does not fit patients with cancer, (2) the technology limits the use of the smart T-shirt, and (3) the monitoring of data increases the feeling of safety. Results from the questionnaire showed that the patients generally had confidence in the device. Conclusions: Although the primary end point was not reached, the patients? experiences with using the smart T-shirt resulted in the knowledge that patients acknowledged the need for new technologies that improve supportive cancer care. The patients were positive when asked to wear the smart T-shirt. However, technical and practical challenges in using the device resulted in low adherence. Although wearables might have potential for home monitoring, the present technology is immature for clinical use. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05235594; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05235594 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): RR2-10.2196/37626 UR - https://mhealth.jmir.org/2024/1/e50620 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/50620 ID - info:doi/10.2196/50620 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lee, Audrey AU - Dionicio, Patricia AU - Farcas, Emilia AU - Godino, Job AU - Patrick, Kevin AU - Wyckoff, Elijah AU - Loh, J. Kenneth AU - Gombatto, Sara PY - 2024/2/29 TI - Physical Therapists? Acceptance of a Wearable, Fabric-Based Sensor System (Motion Tape) for Use in Clinical Practice: Qualitative Focus Group Study JO - JMIR Hum Factors SP - e55246 VL - 11 KW - low back pain KW - physical therapy KW - physical therapist KW - wearable sensor KW - technology acceptance model KW - motion tape KW - kinesiology tape N2 - Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a costly global health condition that affects individuals of all ages and genders. Physical therapy (PT) is a commonly used and effective intervention for the management of LBP and incorporates movement assessment and therapeutic exercise. A newly developed wearable, fabric-based sensor system, Motion Tape, uses novel sensing and data modeling to measure lumbar spine movements unobtrusively and thus offers potential benefits when used in conjunction with PT. However, physical therapists? acceptance of Motion Tape remains unexplored. Objective: The primary aim of this research study was to evaluate physical therapists? acceptance of Motion Tape to be used for the management of LBP. The secondary aim was to explore physical therapists? recommendations for future device development. Methods: Licensed physical therapists from the American Physical Therapy Association Academy of Leadership Technology Special Interest Group participated in this study. Overall, 2 focus groups (FGs; N=8) were conducted, in which participants were presented with Motion Tape samples and examples of app data output on a poster. Informed by the Technology Acceptance Model, we conducted semistructured FGs and explored the wearability, usefulness, and ease of use of and suggestions for improvements in Motion Tape for PT management of LBP. FG data were transcribed and analyzed using rapid qualitative analysis. Results: Regarding wearability, participants perceived that Motion Tape would be able to adhere for several days, with some variability owing to external factors. Feedback was positive for the low-profile and universal fit, but discomfort owing to wires and potential friction with clothing was of concern. Other concerns included difficulty with self-application and potential skin sensitivity. Regarding usefulness, participants expressed that Motion Tape would enhance the efficiency and specificity of assessments and treatment. Regarding ease of use, participants stated that the app would be easy, but data management and challenges with interpretation were of concern. Physical therapists provided several recommendations for future design improvements including having a wireless system or removable wires, customizable sizes for the tape, and output including range of motion data and summary graphs and adding app features that consider patient input and context. Conclusions: Several themes related to Motion Tape?s wearability, usefulness, and ease of use were identified. Overall, physical therapists expressed acceptance of Motion Tape?s potential for assessing and monitoring low back posture and movement, both within and outside clinical settings. Participants expressed that Motion Tape would be a valuable tool for the personalized treatment of LBP but highlighted several future improvements needed for Motion Tape to be used in practice. UR - https://humanfactors.jmir.org/2024/1/e55246 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/55246 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38421708 ID - info:doi/10.2196/55246 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kim, Hyunsoo AU - Jang, Jin Seong AU - Lee, Dong Hee AU - Ko, Hoon Jae AU - Lim, Young Jee PY - 2023/8/7 TI - Smart Floor Mats for a Health Monitoring System Based on Textile Pressure Sensing: Development and Usability Study JO - JMIR Form Res SP - e47325 VL - 7 KW - analysis KW - auto-mapping KW - monitoring KW - healthcare KW - health-monitoring KW - online KW - piezo-resistance sensor KW - pressure mat KW - real-time KW - sensing mats KW - smart home technology KW - smart home KW - spatial map KW - technology KW - textile N2 - Background: The rise in single-person households has resulted in social problems like loneliness and isolation, commonly known as ?death by loneliness.? Various factors contribute to this increase, including a desire for independent living and communication challenges within families due to societal changes. Older individuals living alone are particularly susceptible to loneliness and isolation due to limited family communication and a lack of social activities. Addressing these issues is crucial, and proactive solutions are needed. It is important to explore diverse measures to tackle the challenges of single-person households and prevent deaths due to loneliness in our society. Objective: Non?face-to-face health care service systems have gained widespread interest owing to the rapid development of smart home technology. Particularly, a health monitoring system must be developed to manage patients? health status and send alerts for dangerous situations based on their activity. Therefore, in this study, we present a novel health monitoring system based on the auto-mapping method, which uses real-time position sensing mats. Methods: The smart floor mats are operated as piezo-resistive devices, which are composed of a carbon nanotube?based conductive textile, electrodes, main processor circuit, and a mat. The developed smart floor system acquires real-time position information using a multiconnection method between the modules based on the auto-mapping algorithm, which automatically creates a spatial map. The auto-mapping algorithm allows the user to freely set various activity areas through floor mapping. Then, the monitoring system was evaluated in a room with an area of 41.3 m2, which is embedded with the manufactured floor mats and monitoring application. Results: This monitoring system automatically acquires information on the total number, location, and direction of the mats and creates a spatial map. The position sensing mats can be easily configured with a simple structure by using a carbon nanotube?based piezo-resistive textile. The mats detect the activity in real time and record location information since they are connected through auto-mapping technology. Conclusions: This system allows for the analysis of patients? behavior patterns and the management of health care on the web by providing important basic information for activity patterns in the monitoring system. The proposed smart floor system can serve as the foundation for smart home applications in the future, which include health care, intelligent automation, and home security, owing to its advantages of low cost, large area, and high reliability. UR - https://formative.jmir.org/2023/1/e47325 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/47325 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37548993 ID - info:doi/10.2196/47325 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mannée, Denise AU - de Jongh, Frans AU - van Helvoort, Hanneke PY - 2021/10/18 TI - The Accuracy of Tidal Volume Measured With a Smart Shirt During Tasks of Daily Living in Healthy Subjects: Cross-sectional Study JO - JMIR Form Res SP - e30916 VL - 5 IS - 10 KW - telemonitoring KW - Hexoskin smart shirt KW - smart textiles KW - textile sensors KW - accuracy KW - healthy subjects KW - calibration KW - tidal volume N2 - Background: The Hexoskin is a smart shirt that can take continuous and objective measurements and could be part of a potential telemonitoring system. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of the calibrated Hexoskin in measuring tidal volumes (TVs) in comparison to spirometry during various tasks. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, the TV of 15 healthy subjects was measured while performing seven tasks using spirometry and the Hexoskin. These tasks were performed during two sessions; between sessions, all equipment was removed. A one-time spirometer-based calibration per task was determined in session 1 and applied to the corresponding task in both sessions. Bland-Altman analysis was used to determine the agreement between TV that was measured with the Hexoskin and that measured with spirometry. A priori, we determined that the bias had to be less than ±5%, with limits of agreement (LOA) of less than ±15%. Lung volumes were measured and had to have LOA of less than ±0.150 L. Results: In the first session, all tasks had a median bias within the criteria (±0.6%). In the second session, biases were ±8.9%; only two tasks met the criteria. In both sessions, LOA were within the criteria in six out of seven tasks (±14.7%). LOA of lung volumes were greater than 0.150 L. Conclusions: The Hexoskin was able to correctly measure TV in healthy subjects during various tasks. However, after reapplication of the equipment, calibration factors were not able to be reused to obtain results within the determined boundaries. Trial Registration: Netherlands Trial Register NL6934; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/6934 UR - https://formative.jmir.org/2021/10/e30916 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/30916 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34661546 ID - info:doi/10.2196/30916 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cho, Ho Jae AU - Choi, Jung-Yeon AU - Kim, Nak-Hyun AU - Lim, Yejee AU - Ohn, Hun Jung AU - Kim, Sun Eun AU - Ryu, Jiwon AU - Kim, Jangsun AU - Kim, Yiseob AU - Kim, Sun-wook AU - Kim, Kwang-Il PY - 2021/7/30 TI - A Smart Diaper System Using Bluetooth and Smartphones to Automatically Detect Urination and Volume of Voiding: Prospective Observational Pilot Study in an Acute Care Hospital JO - J Med Internet Res SP - e29979 VL - 23 IS - 7 KW - smart diaper KW - urinary incontinence KW - enuresis KW - voided volume KW - diaper rash KW - smartphone KW - mobile phone KW - app KW - eHealth KW - mHealth KW - urine KW - medical device KW - sensor KW - prospective KW - pilot study KW - observational N2 - Background: Caregivers of patients who wear conventional diapers are required to check for voiding every hour because prolonged wearing of wet diapers causes health problems including diaper dermatitis and urinary tract infections. However, frequent checking is labor intensive and disturbs patients? and caregivers? sleep. Furthermore, assessing patients? urine output with diapers in an acute care setting is difficult. Recently, a smart diaper system with wetness detection technology was developed to solve these issues. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the applicability of the smart diaper system for urinary detection, its accuracy in measuring voiding volume, and its effect on incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) occurrence in an acute care hospital. Methods: This prospective, observational, single-arm pilot study was conducted at a single tertiary hospital. We recruited 35 participants aged ?50 years who were wearing diapers due to incontinence between August and November 2020. When the smart diaper becomes wet, the smart diaper system notifies the caregiver to change the diaper and measures voiding volume automatically. Caregivers were instructed to record the weight of wet diapers on frequency volume charts (FVCs). We determined the voiding detection rate of the smart diaper system and compared the urine volume as automatically calculated by the smart diaper system with the volume recorded on FVCs. Agreement between the two measurements was estimated using a Bland-Altman plot. We also checked for the occurrence or aggravation of IAD and bed sores. Results: A total of 30 participants completed the protocol and 390 episodes of urination were recorded. There were 108 records (27.7%) on both the FVCs and the smart diaper system, 258 (66.2%) on the FVCs alone, 18 (4.6%) on the smart diaper system alone, and 6 (1.5%) on the FVCs with sensing device lost. The detection rate of the smart diaper system was 32.8% (126/384). When analyzing records concurrently listed in both the FVCs and the smart diaper system, linear regression showed a strong correlation between the two measurements (R2=0.88, P<.001). The Bland-Altman assessment showed good agreement between the two measurements, with a mean difference of ?4.2 mL and 95% limits of agreement of ?96.7 mL and 88.3 mL. New occurrence and aggravation of IAD and bed sores were not observed. Bed sores improved in one participant. Conclusions: The smart diaper system showed acceptable accuracy for measuring urine volume and it could replace conventional FVCs in acute setting hospitals. Furthermore, the smart diaper system has the potential advantage of preventing IAD development and bed sore worsening. However, the detection rate of the smart diaper system was lower than expected. Detection rate polarization among participants was observed, and improvements in the user interface and convenience are needed for older individuals who are unfamiliar with the smart diaper system. UR - https://www.jmir.org/2021/7/e29979 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/29979 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34328427 ID - info:doi/10.2196/29979 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gwon, Danbi AU - Cho, Hakyung AU - Shin, Hangsik PY - 2021/5/11 TI - Feasibility of a Waistband-Type Wireless Wearable Electrocardiogram Monitoring System Based on a Textile Electrode: Development and Usability Study JO - JMIR Mhealth Uhealth SP - e26469 VL - 9 IS - 5 KW - electrocardiogram KW - telehealth KW - telemetry KW - telemonitoring KW - textile electrode KW - wearable system KW - smartphone KW - mobile phone N2 - Background: Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring in daily life is essential for effective management of cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death. Wearable ECG measurement systems in the form of clothing have been proposed to replace Holter monitors used for clinical ECG monitoring; however, they have limitations in daily use because they compress the upper body and, in doing so, cause discomfort during wear. Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a wireless wearable ECG monitoring system that includes a textile ECG electrode that can be applied to the lining of pants and can be used in the same way that existing lower clothing is worn, without compression to the upper body. Methods: A textile electrode with stretchable characteristics was fabricated by knitting a conductive yarn together with polyester-polyurethane fiber, which was then coated with silver compound; an ECG electrode was developed by placing it on an elastic band in a modified limb lead configuration. In addition, a system with analog-to-digital conversion, wireless communication, and a smartphone app was developed, allowing users to be able to check and store their own ECGs in real time. A signal processing algorithm was also developed to remove noise from the obtained signal and to calculate the heart rate. To evaluate the ECG and heart rate measurement performance of the developed module, a comparative evaluation with a commercial device was performed. ECGs were measured for 5 minutes each in standing, sitting, and lying positions; the mean absolute percentage errors of heart rates measured with both systems were then compared. Results: The system was developed in the form of a belt buckle with a size of 53 × 45 × 12 mm (width × height × depth) and a weight of 23 g. In a qualitative evaluation, it was confirmed that the P-QRS-T waveform was clearly observed in ECGs obtained with the wearable system. From the results of the heart rate estimation, the developed system could track changes in heart rate as calculated by a commercial ECG measuring device; in addition, the mean absolute percentage errors of heart rates were 1.80%, 2.84%, and 2.48% in the standing, sitting, and lying positions, respectively. Conclusions: The developed system was able to effectively measure ECG and calculate heart rate simply through being worn as existing clothing without upper body pressure. It is anticipated that general usability can be secured through further evaluation under more diverse conditions. UR - https://mhealth.jmir.org/2021/5/e26469 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26469 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33973860 ID - info:doi/10.2196/26469 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Khundaqji, Hamzeh AU - Hing, Wayne AU - Furness, James AU - Climstein, Mike PY - 2020/5/27 TI - Smart Shirts for Monitoring Physiological Parameters: Scoping Review JO - JMIR Mhealth Uhealth SP - e18092 VL - 8 IS - 5 KW - wearable electronic devices KW - biomedical technology KW - telemedicine KW - fitness trackers KW - sports KW - exercise KW - physiology KW - clinical decision making KW - vital signs N2 - Background: The recent trends of technological innovation and widescale digitization as potential solutions to challenges in health care, sports, and emergency service operations have led to the conception of smart textile technology. In health care, these smart textile systems present the potential to aid preventative medicine and early diagnosis through continuous, noninvasive tracking of physical and mental health while promoting proactive involvement of patients in their medical management. In areas such as sports and emergency response, the potential to provide comprehensive and simultaneous physiological insights across multiple body systems is promising. However, it is currently unclear what type of evidence exists surrounding the use of smart textiles for the monitoring of physiological outcome measures across different settings. Objective: This scoping review aimed to systematically survey the existing body of scientific literature surrounding smart textiles in their most prevalent form, the smart shirt, for monitoring physiological outcome measures. Methods: A total of 5 electronic bibliographic databases were systematically searched (Ovid Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Excerpta Medica database, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and SPORTDiscus). Publications from the inception of the database to June 24, 2019 were reviewed. Nonindexed literature relevant to this review was also systematically searched. The results were then collated, summarized, and reported. Results: Following the removal of duplicates, 7871 citations were identified. On the basis of title and abstract screening, 7632 citations were excluded, whereas 239 were retrieved and assessed for eligibility. Of these, 101 citations were included in the final analysis. Included studies were categorized into four themes: (1) prototype design, (2) validation, (3) observational, and (4) reviews. Among the 101 analyzed studies, prototype design was the most prevalent theme (50/101, 49.5%), followed by validation (29/101, 28.7%), observational studies (21/101, 20.8%), and reviews (1/101, 0.1%). Presented prototype designs ranged from those capable of monitoring one physiological metric to those capable of monitoring several simultaneously. In 29 validation studies, 16 distinct smart shirts were validated against reference technology under various conditions and work rates, including rest, submaximal exercise, and maximal exercise. The identified observational studies used smart shirts in clinical, healthy, and occupational populations for aims such as early diagnosis and stress detection. One scoping review was identified, investigating the use of smart shirts for electrocardiograph signal monitoring in cardiac patients. Conclusions: Although smart shirts have been found to be valid and reliable in the monitoring of specific physiological metrics, results were variable for others, demonstrating the need for further systematic validation. Analysis of the results has also demonstrated gaps in knowledge, such as a considerable lag of validation and observational studies in comparison with prototype design and limited investigation using smart shirts in pediatric, elite sports, and emergency service populations. UR - http://mhealth.jmir.org/2020/5/e18092/ UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18092 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32348279 ID - info:doi/10.2196/18092 ER -