Beyond the Randomized Controlled Trial: A Review of Alternatives in mHealth Clinical Trial Methods

Quynh Pham   ^{1, 2} , MSc ;   David Wiljer   ^{1, 3, 4} , PhD ;   Joseph A Cafazzo   ^{1, 2, 5} , PEng, PhD

¹ Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

² Centre for Global eHealth Innovation, Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada

³ Centre for Addictions and Mental Health (CAMH), CAMH Education, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁴ Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

⁵ Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada