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Intelligent Robot Interventions for People With Dementia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Intelligent Robot Interventions for People With Dementia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Symptoms such as agitation and depression increase the risk of secondary problems like fractures and falls, which can seriously impair patients’ quality of life. In addition, it puts more strain on those who provide care, raising the expense of nursing and medical care.

Wenqi Fan, Rui Zhao, Xiaoxia Liu, Lina Ge

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e59892

Predicting Agitation-Sedation Levels in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Development of an Ensemble Model

Predicting Agitation-Sedation Levels in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Development of an Ensemble Model

Patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) often experience various clinical problems, such as pain, agitation, and delirium. Agitation refers to physical restlessness due to treatment discomfort or delirium; this condition cannot be self-controlled [1]. Agitation is common in patients in ICUs; most of these patients (71%) exhibit agitation on approximately 58% of their total inpatient days [2-4].

Pei-Yu Dai, Pei-Yi Lin, Ruey-Kai Sheu, Shu-Fang Liu, Yu-Cheng Wu, Chieh-Liang Wu, Wei-Lin Chen, Chien-Chung Huang, Guan-Yin Lin, Lun-Chi Chen

JMIR Med Inform 2025;13:e63601

Weighted Blankets for Agitation in Hospitalized Patients with Dementia: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Weighted Blankets for Agitation in Hospitalized Patients with Dementia: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Many patients with dementia develop neuropsychiatric symptoms and somewhere between 40% and 76% of patients demonstrate agitation and aggression [1,2]. Agitated behaviors are often disruptive and difficult to manage, and are associated with increased caregiver burden and burnout, increased hospitalizations, and elevated health care costs [1,3]. Agitation includes a range of behaviors, including restlessness, pacing, physical aggression, and verbal agitation [4].

Holly A Schenzel, Allyson K Palmer, Neel B Shah, Donna K Lawson, Karen M Fischer, Maria I Lapid, Ruth E DeFoster

JMIR Res Protoc 2025;14:e57264

Unobtrusive Nighttime Movement Monitoring to Support Nursing Home Continence Care: Algorithm Development and Validation Study

Unobtrusive Nighttime Movement Monitoring to Support Nursing Home Continence Care: Algorithm Development and Validation Study

For the nighttime sleep agitation assessment, they calculated a short-time Fourier transform [23], based on a combined dataset from the bed sensors data and wrists’ nodes data, to indicate agitation. The authors established that almost half (49%) of the sleep agitation events occurred before a voiding event, supporting the observation that a need to void can trigger agitation. However, authors did not provide evaluation metrics for the used algorithm, nor differentiated multiple nighttime activities.

Hannelore Strauven, Chunzhuo Wang, Hans Hallez, Vero Vanden Abeele, Bart Vanrumste

JMIR Nursing 2024;7:e58094

Evaluating the Impact of a Daylight-Simulating Luminaire on Mood, Agitation, Rest-Activity Patterns, and Social Well-Being Parameters in a Care Home for People With Dementia: Cohort Study

Evaluating the Impact of a Daylight-Simulating Luminaire on Mood, Agitation, Rest-Activity Patterns, and Social Well-Being Parameters in a Care Home for People With Dementia: Cohort Study

Similar studies by Baandrup and Jennum [34] and Saidane et al [35] have monitored agitation and found no change to agitation after 4 weeks of dynamic lighting and a reduction in the frequency of agitation after 6 months of dynamic lighting intervention [29,34]. This suggests that longer exposure durations may be needed to positively impact this parameter of well-being in dementia.

Kate Turley, Joseph Rafferty, Raymond Bond, Maurice Mulvenna, Assumpta Ryan, Lloyd Crawford

JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2024;12:e56951

Establishing the Foundations of Emotional Intelligence in Care Companion Robots to Mitigate Agitation Among High-Risk Patients With Dementia: Protocol for an Empathetic Patient-Robot Interaction Study

Establishing the Foundations of Emotional Intelligence in Care Companion Robots to Mitigate Agitation Among High-Risk Patients With Dementia: Protocol for an Empathetic Patient-Robot Interaction Study

The majority of persons living with dementia experience neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia [2] that are noncognitive, such as agitation, defined as inappropriate verbal, vocal, or motor activity [3]. Agitation is problematic because it can not only impact a person’s morbidity and mortality but also impair motor functions during events of agitation and increase the risk of falling and sustaining severe injuries and subsequent hospitalization [4,5].

Adeline Nyamathi, Nikil Dutt, Jung-Ah Lee, Amir M Rahmani, Mahkameh Rasouli, Donna Krogh, Erik Krogh, David Sultzer, Humayun Rashid, Hamza Liaqat, Riyam Jawad, Farhan Azhar, Ali Ahmad, Bilal Qamar, Taha Yasin Bhatti, Chet Khay, Jocelyn Ludlow, Lisa Gibbs, Julie Rousseau, Mahyar Abbasian, Yutong Song, Cheonkam Jeong, Sabine Brunswicker

JMIR Res Protoc 2024;13:e55761

Dementia Caregiver Experiences and Recommendations for Using the Behavioral and Environmental Sensing and Intervention System at Home: Usability and Acceptability Study

Dementia Caregiver Experiences and Recommendations for Using the Behavioral and Environmental Sensing and Intervention System at Home: Usability and Acceptability Study

Caregiver burden associated with dementia-related agitation is one of the most common reasons for a community-dwelling person living with dementia to transition to a care facility. Agitation is a highly prevalent behavior and is one of the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with dementia [1,2]. Several studies have examined the use of technology for the detection and prediction of agitation in dementia [3].

Martha Smith Anderson, Azziza Bankole, Nutta Homdee, Brook A Mitchell, Grace E Byfield, John Lach

JMIR Aging 2021;4(4):e30353

The Symptoms Targeted for Monitoring in a Web-Based Tracking Tool by Caregivers of People With Dementia and Agitation: Cross-Sectional Study

The Symptoms Targeted for Monitoring in a Web-Based Tracking Tool by Caregivers of People With Dementia and Agitation: Cross-Sectional Study

The understanding of agitation continues to evolve. Recent work to evaluate NPSs in dementia has focused on the symptom of agitation. Without a commonly accepted consensus description of agitation, it has been difficult to compare studies or even to know which behaviors are included in studies of agitation [9].

Kenneth Rockwood, Myrlene Sanon Aigbogun, Justin Stanley, Helen Wong, Taylor Dunn, Chère AT Chapman, Susan E Howlett, Maia Miguelez, Lisa McGarrigle, Ross A Baker

J Med Internet Res 2019;21(6):e13360

Evaluating the Impact of Music & Memory’s Personalized Music and Tablet Engagement Program in Wisconsin Assisted Living Communities: Pilot Study

Evaluating the Impact of Music & Memory’s Personalized Music and Tablet Engagement Program in Wisconsin Assisted Living Communities: Pilot Study

The Pittsburgh Agitation Scale (PAS) allows an observer to rate the severity of agitation related to dementia within individuals [57]. The PAS examines 4 general behavior groups: (1) aberrant vocalizations; (2) motor agitation; (3) aggressiveness; and (4) resisting care related to washing, dressing, eating, and medications. Raters used a 4-point scale when assessing residents’ behaviors over a 7-day period.

James H H. Ford II, Debby Dodds, Julie Hyland, Michael Potteiger

JMIR Aging 2019;2(1):e11599