Comparing a Social and Communication App, Telephone Intervention, and Usual Care for Diabetes Self-Management: 3-Arm Quasiexperimental Evaluation Study

Ching-Ju Chiu   ¹ , PhD ;   Yung-Chen Yu   ² , MS ;   Ye-Fong Du   ³ , MD, MS ;   Yi-Ching Yang   ⁴ , MD, MS ;   Jou-Yin Chen   ⁵ , MS ;   Li-Ping Wong   ⁶ , PhD ;   Chanuantong Tanasugarn   ⁷ , PhD

¹ Institute of Gerontology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

² Department of Nursing, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan

³ Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan

⁴ Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan

⁵ Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan

⁶ Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

⁷ Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand