An Overview of Chatbot-Based Mobile Mental Health Apps: Insights From App Description and User Reviews

Journals

1. Nashwan A, Gharib S, Alhadidi M, El-Ashry A, Alamgir A, Al-Hassan M, Khedr M, Dawood S, Abufarsakh B. Harnessing Artificial Intelligence: Strategies for Mental Health Nurses in Optimizing Psychiatric Patient Care. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 2023;44(10):1020 View
2. Ho A, Perry J. What We Owe Those Who Chat Woe: A Relational Lens for Mental Health Apps. The American Journal of Bioethics 2023;23(10):77 View
3. Oladimeji K, Nyatela A, Gumede S, Dwarka D, Lalla-Edward S. Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Psychological and Mental Health Promotion: An Opinion Piece. New Voices in Psychology 2023 View
4. Balcombe L. AI Chatbots in Digital Mental Health. Informatics 2023;10(4):82 View
5. Chakraborty C, Pal S, Bhattacharya M, Dash S, Lee S. Overview of Chatbots with special emphasis on artificial intelligence-enabled ChatGPT in medical science. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2023;6 View
6. Bragazzi N, Crapanzano A, Converti M, Zerbetto R, Khamisy-Farah R. The Impact of Generative Conversational Artificial Intelligence on the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Community: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e52091 View
7. Alruwaili M, Shaban M, Elsayed Ramadan O. Digital Health Interventions for Promoting Healthy Aging: A Systematic Review of Adoption Patterns, Efficacy, and User Experience. Sustainability 2023;15(23):16503 View
8. Mitsea E, Drigas A, Skianis C. Digitally Assisted Mindfulness in Training Self-Regulation Skills for Sustainable Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Behavioral Sciences 2023;13(12):1008 View
9. Xue J, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Zheng C, Jiang J, Li H, Liu N, Li Z, Fu W, Peng Y, Logan J, Zhang J, Xiang X. Evaluation of the Current State of Chatbots for Digital Health: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e47217 View
10. Verbeke K, Jain C, Shpendi A, Borry P. Safeguarding Users of Consumer Mental Health Apps in Research and Product Improvement Studies: an Interview Study. Neuroethics 2024;17(1) View
11. Mitsea E, Drigas A, Skianis C. Well-Being Technologies and Positive Psychology Strategies for Training Metacognition, Emotional Intelligence and Motivation Meta-Skills in Clinical Populations: A Systematic Review. Psych 2024;6(1):305 View
12. Boian R, Bucur A, Todea D, Luca A, Rebedea T, Podina I. A conversational agent framework for mental health screening: design, implementation, and usability. Behaviour & Information Technology 2024:1 View
13. Markovič D, Vilka L, Krumina J. Current options and limits of digital technologies and artificial intelligence in social work. SHS Web of Conferences 2024;184:05003 View
14. Norris M, Obeid N, El‐Emam K. Examining the role of artificial intelligence to advance knowledge and address barriers to research in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2024;57(6):1357 View
15. Ramos G, Hernandez-Ramos R, Taylor M, Schueller S. State of the Science: Using Digital Mental Health Interventions to Extend the Impact of Psychological Services. Behavior Therapy 2024;55(6):1364 View
16. Rigby S, Boyd-Skinner C, Storm V, Katte J. Implementation of the Australian National Safety and Quality Digital Mental Health Standards. Australasian Psychiatry 2024;32(4):314 View
17. Fang Q, Reynaldi R, Araminta A, Kamal I, Saini P, Afshari F, Tan S, Yuan J, Qomariyah N, Sukotjo C. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven dental education: Exploring the role of chatbots in a clinical learning environment. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2024 View
18. Wester J, Pohl H, Hosio S, van Berkel N. "This Chatbot Would Never...": Perceived Moral Agency of Mental Health Chatbots. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2024;8(CSCW1):1 View
19. Cheng Y, Wang Y, Lee J. Using a Chatbot to Combat Misinformation: Exploring Gratifications, Chatbot Satisfaction and Engagement, and Relationship Quality. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2024:1 View
20. McKendrick G, Stull S, Sharma A, Dunn K. Availability and Opportunities for Expansion of Buprenorphine for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder. Seminars in Neurology 2024;44(04):419 View
21. Mitsea E, Drigas A, Skianis C. Artificial Intelligence, Immersive Technologies, and Neurotechnologies in Breathing Interventions for Mental and Emotional Health: A Systematic Review. Electronics 2024;13(12):2253 View
22. McBee J, Han D, Liu L, Ma L, Adjeroh D, Xu D, Hu G. Assessing ChatGPT’s Competency in Addressing Interdisciplinary Inquiries on Chatbot Uses in Sports Rehabilitation: Simulation Study. JMIR Medical Education 2024;10:e51157 View
23. Beg M, Verma M, M. V, Verma M. Artificial Intelligence for Psychotherapy: A Review of the Current State and Future Directions. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 2024 View
24. Heissler R, Jonáš J, Carre N, Mostovoy K, Bunge E, McDaniel B. Can AI Digital Personas for Well‐Being Provide Social Support? A Mixed‐Method Analysis of User Reviews. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 2024;2024(1) View
25. Maslow G, Chung R, Heilbron N, Walter B. Innovative Approaches to Addressing Pediatric Mental Health. Pediatric Clinics of North America 2024;71(6):1151 View
26. Hoelscher S, Taylor-Pearson K, Wei H. Charting the Path. Nurse Leader 2024;22(6):763 View
27. Roehrer E, Pokawinkoon P, Watters P, Sauer J, Scanlan J. Adolescent-Centric Design of an Online Safety Chatbot. Journal of Computer Information Systems 2024:1 View
28. Mapari S, Shrivastava D, Dave A, Bedi G, Gupta A, Sachani P, Kasat P, Pradeep U. Revolutionizing Maternal Health: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Care and Accessibility. Cureus 2024 View
29. Sheehy L, Bouchard S, Kakkar A, El Hakim R, Lhoest J, Frank A. Development and Initial Testing of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Virtual Reality Companion for People Living with Dementia in Long-Term Care. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2024;13(18):5574 View
30. Seretlo R, Smuts H, Mokgatle M. Development of an mHealth App by Experts for Queer Individuals’ Sexual-Reproductive Health Care Services and Needs: Nominal Group Technique Study. JMIR Formative Research 2024;8:e59963 View
31. Guo Z, Lai A, Thygesen J, Farrington J, Keen T, Li K. Large Language Models for Mental Health Applications: Systematic Review. JMIR Mental Health 2024;11:e57400 View
32. Indah Permatasari R, Parama Artha D, Satria Wiratama B, Wulandari H, Sato H, El Wahed A, Frutos R, Wibawa T, Prabandari R, Hasanbasri M, Ramadona A, Rauf A, Wiratama B, Maula A. Overview of chatbot usage on mental health: A scoping review. BIO Web of Conferences 2024;132:05002 View
33. Chen K, Huang J, Torous J. Hybrid care in mental health: a framework for understanding care, research, and future opportunities. NPP—Digital Psychiatry and Neuroscience 2024;2(1) View
34. Dana Z, Nagra H, Kilby K. Role of Synchronous, Moderated, and Anonymous Peer Support Chats on Reducing Momentary Loneliness in Older Adults: Retrospective Observational Study. JMIR Formative Research 2024;8:e59501 View
35. Siddals S, Torous J, Coxon A. “It happened to be the perfect thing”: experiences of generative AI chatbots for mental health. npj Mental Health Research 2024;3(1) View
36. Nehme M, Schneider F, Amruthalingam E, Schnarrenberger E, Trëmeaud R, Guessous I. Chatbots in medicine: certification process and applied use case. Swiss Medical Weekly 2024;154(10):3954 View
37. Carl N, Nguyen L, Haggenmüller S, Joachim Hetz M, Theres Winterstein J, Otto Hartung F, Gruene B, Nikolas Kather J, Holland-Letz T, Stephan Michel M, Wessels F, Josef Brinker T. Comparing Patient’s Confidence in Clinical Capabilities in Urology: Large Language Models Versus Urologists. European Urology Open Science 2024;70:91 View
38. Rządeczka M, Sterna A, Stolińska J, Kaczyńska P, Moskalewicz M. The Efficacy of Conversational AI in Rectifying the Theory-of-Mind and Autonomy Biases: Comparative Analysis. JMIR Mental Health 2025;12:e64396 View
39. Yüksel O. AN OVERVIEW OF HEALTHCARE SERVICES IN THE INDUSTRY 5.0 ERA. International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Research 2024;6(3):222 View
40. Anderson R, McCall M, Otaka N. Pivoting: Responding to the Mental Health Needs of Youth of Color With Technology. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2024;33(6):392 View
41. Yang Y, Tavares J, Oliveira T. A New Research Model for Artificial Intelligence–Based Well-Being Chatbot Engagement: Survey Study. JMIR Human Factors 2024;11:e59908 View
42. Kuhail M, Alturki N, Thomas J, Alkhalifa A. Human vs. AI counseling: College students' perspectives. Computers in Human Behavior Reports 2024;16:100534 View
43. Demir S. Evaluation of the reliability and readability of answers given by chatbots to frequently asked questions about endophthalmitis: A cross-sectional study on chatbots. Health Informatics Journal 2024;30(4) View
44. Koltcov S, Surkov A, Koltsova O, Ignatenko V. Using large language models for extracting and pre-annotating texts on mental health from noisy data in a low-resource language. PeerJ Computer Science 2024;10:e2395 View
45. Zhao T, Tang C, Ma J, Halili X, Yan H, Wang H. Interventions for subjective and objective social isolation among people living with HIV: A scoping review. Social Science & Medicine 2025;367:117604 View
46. Naseri A, Antikchi M, Barahman M, Shirinzadeh-Dastgiri A, HaghighiKian S, Vakili-Ojarood M, Rahmani A, Shahbazi A, Shiri A, Masoudi A, Aghasipour M, Aghili K, Neamatzadeh H. AI Chatbots in Oncology: A Comparative Study of Sider Fusion AI and Perplexity AI for Gastric Cancer Patients. Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology 2024 View
47. Sidani L, Nadar S, Tfaili J, El Rayes S, Sharara F, Elhage J, Fakhoury M. Digital Psychiatry: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2024;30(6):400 View
48. Jelassi M, Matteli K, Ben Khalfallah H, Demongeot J. Enhancing Personalized Mental Health Support Through Artificial Intelligence: Advances in Speech and Text Analysis Within Online Therapy Platforms. Information 2024;15(12):813 View
49. El-Helou E. Exploring the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Pain and Anxiety in Surgical Patients: A Systematic Review. Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal 2024;6(4):175 View
50. Babu A, Joseph A. Artificial intelligence in mental healthcare: transformative potential vs. the necessity of human interaction. Frontiers in Psychology 2024;15 View
51. Liu X, Lu Z, Wang T, Liu F. Large language models facilitating modern molecular biology and novel drug development. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2024;15 View
52. Annepaka Y, Pakray P. Large language models: a survey of their development, capabilities, and applications. Knowledge and Information Systems 2025;67(3):2967 View
53. Suryanto T, Wibawa A, Hariyono H, Nafalski A. Evolving Conversations: A Review of Chatbots and Implications in Natural Language Processing for Cultural Heritage Ecosystems. International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems 2023;3(4):955 View
54. Demir S. Investigating the role of large language models on questions about refractive surgery. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2025;195:105787 View
55. Pergantis P, Bamicha V, Skianis C, Drigas A. AI Chatbots and Cognitive Control: Enhancing Executive Functions Through Chatbot Interactions: A Systematic Review. Brain Sciences 2025;15(1):47 View
56. Rackoff G, Zhang Z, Newman M. Chatbot-delivered mental health support: Attitudes and utilization in a sample of U.S. college students. DIGITAL HEALTH 2025;11 View
57. Nelson J, Kaplan J, Simerly G, Nutter N, Edson-Heussi A, Woodham B, Broman-Fulks J. The balance and integration of artificial intelligence within cognitive behavioral therapy interventions. Current Psychology 2025 View
58. Milasan L, Scott‐Purdy D. The Future of Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health Nursing Practice: An Integrative Review. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 2025;34(1) View
59. Nieminen H, Vartiainen A, Bond R, Laukkanen E, Mulvenna M, Kuosmanen L. Recommendations for Mental Health Chatbot Conversations: An Integrative Review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2025 View
60. Joshi A, Ghogare A, Madavi P. Systematic review of artificial intelligence enabled psychological interventions for depression and anxiety: A comprehensive analysis. Industrial Psychiatry Journal 2025 View
61. Stephanidis C, Salvendy G, Antona M, Duffy V, Gao Q, Karwowski W, Konomi S, Nah F, Ntoa S, Rau P, Siau K, Zhou J. Seven HCI Grand Challenges Revisited: Five-Year Progress. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2025:1 View
62. Haunschild J, Henkel M, Reuter C. Breaking down barriers to warning technology adoption: usability and usefulness of a messenger app warning bot. i-com 2025 View
63. Ben-Zion Z, Witte K, Jagadish A, Duek O, Harpaz-Rotem I, Khorsandian M, Burrer A, Seifritz E, Homan P, Schulz E, Spiller T. Assessing and alleviating state anxiety in large language models. npj Digital Medicine 2025;8(1) View
64. Dini M, Comi G, Leocani L. Digital remote monitoring of people with multiple sclerosis. Frontiers in Immunology 2025;16 View
65. Wang M, Yang Y, Zhong P. How does AI affect the self-actualization of content creators in dynamic environments? A knowledge management perspective. Technology in Society 2025;81:102855 View
66. Gudka R, McGlynn E, Lister K, Shaw N, Pitchforth E, Mughal F, French B, Ward J, Newlove-Delgado T, Price A. Digital health interventions with healthcare information and self-management resources for young people with ADHD: a mixed-methods systematic review and narrative synthesis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2025 View
67. Oprea S, Bâra A. Interpreting text corpora from androids-related stories using large language models: “Machines like me” by Ian McEwan in generative AI. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 2025;12(1) View
68. Sharp G, Dwyer B, Xie J, McNaney R, Shrestha P, Prawira C, Fernando A, de Boer K, Hu H. Co-design of a single session intervention chatbot for people on waitlists for eating disorder treatment: a qualitative interview and workshop study. Journal of Eating Disorders 2025;13(1) View
69. Esmaeilzadeh P, Hassanein K, Head M. AI-human interactions in healthcare: exploring users’ post-adoption behaviors of AI mental health chatbots. Behaviour & Information Technology 2025:1 View
70. Coelho J, Pécune F, Micoulaud-Franchi J, Bioulac B, Philip P. Promoting mental health in the age of new digital tools: balancing challenges and opportunities of social media, chatbots, and wearables. Frontiers in Digital Health 2025;7 View
71. Edalat A, Hu R, Patel Z, Polydorou N, Ryan F, Nicholls D. Self-initiated humour protocol: a pilot study with an AI agent. Frontiers in Digital Health 2025;7 View
72. Rahman A, Uddin J. Revealing Factors Influencing mHealth Adoption Intention Among Generation Y: An Empirical Study Using SEM-ANN-IPMA Analysis. Digital 2025;5(2):9 View
73. Heinz M, Mackin D, Trudeau B, Bhattacharya S, Wang Y, Banta H, Jewett A, Salzhauer A, Griffin T, Jacobson N. Randomized Trial of a Generative AI Chatbot for Mental Health Treatment. NEJM AI 2025;2(4) View
74. Okuboyejo S, Han S, Jha S, Eneja C, Orji R. Insights from User Reviews to Improve Suicide Prevention Apps: A Machine Learning and Thematic Analysis-Based Approach. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 2025:1 View
75. Rupani N, Vasquez D, Contreras C, Menacho L, Kolevic L, Franke M, Galea J. “Like Someone Is Paying Attention to You, Listening to You, and Guiding You”: Acceptability of a Mental Health Chatbot Among Caregivers of Adolescents Living With HIV. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 2025;24 View
76. Hou J, Gibson J, Phi T, Ritchie B, Gallagher L, Strudwick G, Foussias G, Courtney D, Voineskos A, Ameis S, Cleverley K, Hawke L. Designing digital conversational agents for youth with multiple mental health conditions: Insights on key features from a youth-engaged qualitative descriptive study. DIGITAL HEALTH 2025;11 View
77. Imkome E, Soonthornchaiya R, Lakanavisid P, Deepaisarn S, Wongpatikasereeb K, Suebnukarn S, Matthews A. Ai‐Aun Chatbot: A Pilot Study on the Effectiveness of an Artificial Intelligence Intervention for Mental Health Among Thai Older Adults. Nursing & Health Sciences 2025;27(2) View
78. Hung J, Hartanto A, Goh A, Eun Z, Kasturiratna K, Lee Z, Majeed N. The Efficacy of Incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chatbots in Brief Gratitude and Self-Affirmation Interventions: Evidence from Two Exploratory Experiments. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans 2025:100151 View
79. Puhlman D, Chen C. Challenges and opportunities in using interpretable AI to develop relationship interventions. Family Relations 2025 View
80. Jiang J, Yang Y. GymBuddy and Elomia, AI-integrated applications, effects on the mental health of the students with psychological disorders. BMC Psychology 2025;13(1) View
81. Parks A, Travers E, Perera-Delcourt R, Major M, Economides M, Mullan P. Is This Chatbot Safe and Evidence-Based? A Call for the Critical Evaluation of Gen AI Mental Health Chatbots (Preprint). Journal of Participatory Medicine 2024 View
82. Savelidi M, Savelidis S, Christoforidis C, Kleitsas V, Tzanetopoulou A, Fasouraki R. Utilization of Artificial Intelligence Generated Virtual Research Participants (VRPs) in Empirical Research: A Case of an Interview with Two Young Individuals from Ancient Greece, Each 2470 Years Old. European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 2024:55 View
83. Batra M, Erbas B. Extreme Weather, Vulnerable Populations, and Mental Health: The Timely Role of AI Interventions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2025;22(4):602 View

Books/Policy Documents

1. Pimpalkar A, Gandhewar N, Shelke N, Somkunwar R, Raymond V. Intelligent Solutions for Cognitive Disorders. View
2. Sarkar N, Goel S. Biomedical Research Developments for Improved Healthcare. View
3. Tahvanainen L, Tetri B, Ahonen O. Digital Health and Wireless Solutions. View
4. Taylor D, Melvin C, Aung H, Asif R. HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust. View
5. Gul K, Panicker S, Morande S, Tewari V. Neuroscientific Insights and Therapeutic Approaches to Eating Disorders. View
6. Bao T, Nghiem P, Khiem T, Trung H, Thong T, Trinh P, Hieu D, Le N. Hybrid Artificial Intelligent Systems. View
7. Asadi A, Prabhakar A. Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC) 2024, Volume 3. View
8. Kumar D, Kumar P, Pal S, Singh S. Transforming Neuropsychology and Cognitive Psychology With AI and Machine Learning. View
9. Premavathi T, Jain R, Parmar K, Palaniappan D. Enhancing School Counseling With Technology and Case Studies. View
10. Wu L. Chatbots and Mental Healthcare in Psychology and Psychiatry. View
11. Beg M, Verma M. Chatbots and Mental Healthcare in Psychology and Psychiatry. View
12. Sowbarnika A, Patra A, Kaur L, Suresh S, Srivastava S, Chawla D. Chatbots and Mental Healthcare in Psychology and Psychiatry. View
13. Li L, Ma C. The Handbook of Primary Healthcare. View