Published on in Vol 12 (2024)

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/53677, first published .
Self-Management Support Apps for Spinal Cord Injury: Results of a Systematic Search in App Stores and Mobile App Rating Scale Evaluation

Self-Management Support Apps for Spinal Cord Injury: Results of a Systematic Search in App Stores and Mobile App Rating Scale Evaluation

Self-Management Support Apps for Spinal Cord Injury: Results of a Systematic Search in App Stores and Mobile App Rating Scale Evaluation

Original Paper

1Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland

2Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland

3Center for Rehabilitation in Global Health Systems, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland

deceased

Corresponding Author:

Carla Sabariego, PhD

Swiss Paraplegic Research

Guido A Zäch-Strasse 4

Nottwil, 6207

Switzerland

Phone: 41 419396654

Email: carla.sabariego@paraplegie.ch


Background: The use of mobile technology to meet health needs, widely referred to as mobile health (mHealth), has played a critical role in providing self-management support for chronic health conditions. However, despite its potential benefits, mHealth technologies such as self-management support apps for spinal cord injury (SCI) have received little research attention, and an understanding of their public availability is lacking. Therefore, an overview of these apps is needed to complement findings from the literature for a complete understanding of mHealth self-management support tools for SCI to support the selection and improvement of existing apps and the development of new ones.

Objective: This study aimed to identify and describe quantity, quality, focus, strengths, and weaknesses of self-management support apps for SCI available on major mobile app digital distribution platforms.

Methods: A systematic search of the Google Play Store and Apple App Store was conducted to identify and summarize apps for SCI that have been updated since 2017. A supplementary systematic literature review was conducted across 11 bibliographic databases to identify publications that provided more detailed descriptions of the identified apps than what is typically available in app stores. The data synthesis was guided by self-management tasks and skills taxonomies. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines informed the reporting.

Results: The 13 apps included in the final synthesis were launched between 2013 and 2021, mostly originating in the United States, with availability in 72 countries and support for 14 languages. Most apps used the Android operating system (10/13, 77%), while 31% (4/13) used iOS. The identified apps mainly focused on activities of daily living, physical activity promotion, health literacy, and therapeutic exercise. All 3 self-management tasks (medical, role, and emotional management) and most self-management skills and support activities were supported by the apps. The mean Mobile App Rating Scale score was 3.86 (SD 0.54), indicating good overall quality. No publications were found describing these apps.

Conclusions: Despite their good overall quality, as measured by the Mobile App Rating Scale assessment, the 13 identified apps, alone or combined, do not appear to offer a comprehensive self-management approach that incorporates theory-based strategies. Besides working to improve comprehensiveness, future research and practice should consider adopting new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, to enhance future self-management support apps for SCI. Furthermore, adopting new app development methods, such as low-code development platforms, could help reduce barriers to development, such as time, cost, and securing scarce expertise.

JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2024;12:e53677

doi:10.2196/53677

Keywords



Background

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-altering condition caused by traumatic or nontraumatic events, leading to temporary or permanent disruption of the normal motor, sensory, or autonomic functions of the spinal cord. It affects the physical, social, and psychological well-being of the patient and places an important burden on health care systems, families, and communities [Singh A, Tetreault L, Kalsi-Ryan S, Nouri A, Fehlings MG. Global prevalence and incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury. Clin Epidemiol. Sep 2014;6:309-331. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]1]. SCI is a chronic health condition that causes multiple limitations in daily functioning, such as limitations in walking, eating, grooming, working, or caring for oneself, and secondary health conditions, such as spasticity, constipation, urinary tract infections, chronic pain, sexual dysfunction, fatigue, and mental health disorders [International perspectives on spinal cord injury. World Health Organization. Nov 11, 2013. URL: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/international-perspectives-on-spinal-cord-injury [accessed 2024-11-25] 2,Tackett MJ, Ullrich PM. Spinal cord injuries. In: Brenner LA, Reid-Arndt SA, Elliott TR, Frank RG, Caplan B, editors. Handbook of Rehabilitation Psychology. Washington, DC. American Psychological Association; 2019. 3]. Therefore, people with SCI frequently rely on specialized and costly health care services, often facing significant unmet health care needs and challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. These challenges are primarily due to the costs of health care services, transportation, and limited service availability [Pacheco Barzallo D, Oña A, Gemperli A. Unmet health care needs and inequality: a cross-country comparison of the situation of people with spinal cord injury. Health Serv Res. Dec 12, 2021;56 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):1429-1440. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]4]. Self-management support, such as the provision of social support and equipment [Pearce G, Parke HL, Pinnock H, Epiphaniou E, Bourne CL, Sheikh A, et al. The PRISMS taxonomy of self-management support: derivation of a novel taxonomy and initial testing of its utility. J Health Serv Res Policy. Apr 15, 2016;21(2):73-82. [CrossRef] [Medline]5], is essential for people with SCI to independently manage the challenging symptoms, treatment, and lifestyle changes associated with having a SCI [Barlow J, Wright C, Sheasby J, Turner A, Hainsworth J. Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient Educ Couns. Oct 2002;48(2):177-187. [CrossRef] [Medline]6-Conti A, Clari M, Kangasniemi M, Martin B, Borraccino A, Campagna S. What self-care behaviours are essential for people with spinal cord injury? A systematic review and meta-synthesis. Disabil Rehabil. Apr 30, 2022;44(7):991-1006. [CrossRef] [Medline]8].

Besides traditional self-management support, such as in-person counseling sessions, the adoption of mobile health (mHealth) self-management support is growing in the self-management of chronic health conditions such as SCI [Classification of digital health interventions v1.0: a shared language to describe the uses of digital technology for health. World Health Organization. Jan 1, 2018. URL: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-RHR-18.06 [accessed 2024-11-25] 9]. mHealth involves using mobile and wireless information and communication technologies, including smartphones, tablets, and wearables, to support meeting health needs [mHealth: new horizons for health through mobile technologie. World Health Organization. URL: https://www.afro.who.int/publications/mhealth-new-horizons-health-through-mobile-technologie [accessed 2024-11-25] 10]. Therefore, mHealth provides more person-centered, available, accessible, and scalable self-management support options than many traditional alternatives, such as institutional- and paper-based options [mHealth: use of appropriate digital technologies for public health: report by the Director-General. World Health Organization. 2017. URL: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/274134 [accessed 2024-11-25] 11]. Smartphones have one of the highest adoption rates among mHealth technology [Smartphones in Europe - statistics and facts. Statista. URL: https://www.statista.com/topics/3341/smartphone-market-in-europe/#topicOverview [accessed 2024-11-25] 12,Penetration rate of smartphones in selected countries. Statista. URL: https://www.statista.com/search/?q=penetration+rate+smartphones&Search=&p=1 [accessed 2024-11-25] 13] and are essential tools for improving diagnostics, personal health monitoring and tracking, access to health care, and the development of health literacy [Agnihothri S, Cui L, Delasay M, Rajan B. The value of mHealth for managing chronic conditions. Health Care Manag Sci. Jun 31, 2020;23(2):185-202. [CrossRef] [Medline]14].

However, mHealth self-management support tools for SCI have seemingly received little research attention despite the unique self-management support necessitated by the distinctive pathophysiology of SCI. To the best of our knowledge, the most relevant overviews of these tools are provided by systematic literature reviews by Wellbeloved-Stone et al [Wellbeloved-Stone CA, Weppner JL, Valdez RS. A systematic review of telerehabilitation and mHealth interventions for spinal cord injury. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. Nov 30, 2016;4(4):295-311. [CrossRef]15] and Bernard et al [Bernard RM, Davis M, Volkova A, Vanessa S, Sabariego C. Mobile health technologies for self-management in spinal cord injuries: a systematic literature review. OSF Registries. Apr 14, 2022. URL: https://osf.io/nwh63 [accessed 2022-05-14] 16]. Although insightful, the first study does not account for the expected rapid increase in the development of mHealth tools over the last 6 years and identifies 1 tool [Wellbeloved-Stone CA, Weppner JL, Valdez RS. A systematic review of telerehabilitation and mHealth interventions for spinal cord injury. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. Nov 30, 2016;4(4):295-311. [CrossRef]15], and both studies are biased toward published literature as they potentially neglect apps that are available through digital distribution platforms and are not mentioned in published literature [Wellbeloved-Stone CA, Weppner JL, Valdez RS. A systematic review of telerehabilitation and mHealth interventions for spinal cord injury. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. Nov 30, 2016;4(4):295-311. [CrossRef]15,Bernard RM, Davis M, Volkova A, Vanessa S, Sabariego C. Mobile health technologies for self-management in spinal cord injuries: a systematic literature review. OSF Registries. Apr 14, 2022. URL: https://osf.io/nwh63 [accessed 2022-05-14] 16]. While mHealth self-management support apps for chronic health conditions aim to assist people in honing self-management skills, there exists a need for apps targeting SCI due to its distinct pathophysiology [Ahuja CS, Nori S, Tetreault L, Wilson J, Kwon B, Harrop J, et al. Traumatic spinal cord injury-repair and regeneration. Neurosurgery. Mar 01, 2017;80(3S):S9-22. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]17]. For example, self-management for bladder impairments mainly involves managing incontinence in prostate cancer, Parkinson disease, and stroke, compared to bladder voiding dysfunction, urinary tract infections, urinary stones, and renal impairment in SCI [Stoffel JT. Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia: a review of physiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Transl Androl Urol. Feb 2016;5(1):127-135. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]18].

Therefore, identifying available self-management support apps for SCI is important for achieving a more complete overview of mHealth self-management support tools for SCI that complements related findings from the literature. This overview can also be used as a basis for the development of a convenient reference collection of self-management support apps for SCI to support the selection and improvement of existing apps and the development of new ones.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to identify and describe self-management support apps for SCI available on mobile app digital distribution platforms. This study aimed to (1) describe these apps in relation to their quantity and quality, coverage of self-management support activities and skills, and self-management areas targeted by self-management approaches; and (2) highlight associated strengths and weaknesses.


Overview

The study was conducted in 2 phases. In phase 1, a systematic search of app stores was conducted to identify and summarize self-management support apps for SCI. In phase 2, a systematic literature review was conducted to complement the work done in phase 1. This review aimed to identify publications that focused on designing, describing, evaluating, piloting, implementing, or improving apps previously identified in phase 1. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines [Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Int J Surg. Apr 2021;88:105906. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]19] and their extension for literature searches [Rethlefsen M, Kirtley S, Waffenschmidt S, Ayala AP, Moher D, Page MJ, et al. PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews. OSF Preprints. Preprint posted online on March 20, 2019. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]20] were used to guide reporting in both phases. There were deviations from the study protocol [Apps for self-management in spinal cord injury: protocol for a systematic search of app stores. OSF Registries. Jul 14, 2022. URL: https://osf.io/wcvdm [accessed 2022-10-31] 21] due to unforeseen resource constraints. The study’s aims were narrowed in scope. When available in both stores, apps were reviewed based on device availability rather than prioritizing apps from a specific store. The IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics app functionality scale [Aitken M, Gauntlett C. Patient apps for improved healthcare: from novelty to mainstream. IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. Oct 2013. URL: https://ignacioriesgo.es/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/iihi_patient_apps_report_editora_39_2_1.pdf [accessed 2024-11-25] 22] and the behavior change technique taxonomy (version 1) [Michie S, Richardson M, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis J, Hardeman W, et al. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Ann Behav Med. Aug 20, 2013;46(1):81-95. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]23] were not used for app evaluation and synthesis, respectively.

Search Strategy

Phase 1

Similar to recent systematic searches of app stores [Alfawzan N, Christen M, Spitale G, Biller-Andorno N. Privacy, data sharing, and data security policies of women's mHealth apps: scoping review and content analysis. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. May 06, 2022;10(5):e33735. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]24-Flors-Sidro JJ, Househ M, Abd-Alrazaq A, Vidal-Alaball J, Fernandez-Luque L, Sanchez-Bocanegra CL. Analysis of diabetes apps to assess privacy-related permissions: systematic search of apps. JMIR Diabetes. Jan 13, 2021;6(1):e16146. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]26], the Google Play Store and Apple App Store were systematically searched via an application programming interface provided by 42Matters [All the mobile and CTV app intelligence you need. 42matters. URL: https://42matters.com/ [accessed 2022-06-15] 27] using keywords for SCI to find eligible apps across regional marketplaces (

Multimedia Appendix 1

Search concepts and terms and search strategies for queried databases.

DOCX File , 49 KBMultimedia Appendix 1). These digital distribution platforms host the largest number of publicly available mobile apps globally for smartphones, tablets, and wearables [Number of apps available in leading app stores as of August 2024. Statista. URL: https:/​/www.​statista.com/​statistics/​276623/​number-of-apps-available-in-leading-app-stores/​#:~:text=In%20the%20third%20quarter%20of,of%20the%20Google%20Play%20platform [accessed 2024-11-25] 28]. Given the limited documentation for the application programming interface of 42Matters, researchers conducted preliminary searches and communicated with company representatives to enhance their understanding. To avoid missing relevant apps, the search was comprehensive, covering app titles, descriptions, and developer names. Additional apps were identified by looking at other apps by the same developers and through the “similar apps” and “you might also like” features on both app stores.

Phase 2

MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, ACM Digital Library, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, Academic Search Premier, LISTA, and Business Source Premier were searched to find eligible literature (

Multimedia Appendix 1

Search concepts and terms and search strategies for queried databases.

DOCX File , 49 KBMultimedia Appendix 1). The search terms used identified app titles and developer names from phase 1. The reference lists of the included articles were planned to be hand searched.

Eligibility Criteria

Phase 1

To be eligible for inclusion, apps should target individual users with SCI for use primarily outside a clinical setting; be supportive of self-management in SCI; be available to all users within the corresponding regional marketplace; be accessible via a smartphone, tablet, or wearable (eg, smartwatch); be available in English; and be last updated after July 2017 and available up to July 2022. The fully featured version of the app was preferred over the limited version when priced at ≤US $10. In addition, the smartphone version was chosen over the tablet version, and the tablet was favored over the wearable version. Apps were excluded if a technical malfunction prevented access or use after 2 attempts. These criteria were selected as practical choices based on available resources to ensure the inclusion of apps that are relevant to individuals with SCI, accessible to a wide user base, up-to-date, and user-friendly across various device types, all while considering cost and technical functionality.

Phase 2

Publications were eligible for inclusion if they described an identified app from phase 1. Publications available in English were considered. Primary research studies, books, and gray literature (eg, conference proceedings, company websites, and professional publications) were also considered. Broad eligibility criteria were used to maximize the possibility of finding additional information to describe apps identified in phase 1.

Eligibility Assessment

Three researchers (AV, MD, and RMB), having expertise in health science, psychology, and health technology, were involved in the screening process. They attended training sessions to ensure consistency in screening during phases 1 and 2, using a web-based spreadsheet and the web-based service Rayyan [Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. Dec 05, 2016;5(1):210. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]29], without using its artificial intelligence features. Screeners completed a training set of 20% of assigned apps and publications. For phase 1, screeners (AV and RMB) were randomly assigned a screening set of app titles, descriptions, and screenshots, as well as of apps to download and screen their content. For phase 2, screeners (MD and RMB) were randomly assigned a screening set of publication titles, abstracts or summaries, and full texts. A second screening of at least 20% was conducted as part of the training set for apps and publications. Screening was independently conducted to reduce the risk of reviewer bias [Denison HJ, Dodds RM, Ntani G, Cooper R, Cooper C, Sayer AA, et al. How to get started with a systematic review in epidemiology: an introductory guide for early career researchers. Arch Public Health. Aug 07, 2013;71(1):21. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]30]. Conflicting screening decisions (ie, include, maybe, or exclude) were resolved collaboratively.

Quality Assessment

Two reviewers (AV and MD), both health scientists, independently assessed the identified apps using the 23-item Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) [Stoyanov SR, Hides L, Kavanagh DJ, Zelenko O, Tjondronegoro D, Mani M. Mobile app rating scale: a new tool for assessing the quality of health mobile apps. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. Mar 11, 2015;3(1):e27. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]31]. The MARS is a widely adopted and reliable tool for classifying and assessing mHealth app quality using 5 subscales: engagement (5 items), functionality (4 items), aesthetics (3 items), information quality (7 items), and a subjective app quality score (4 items) [Terhorst Y, Philippi P, Sander LB, Schultchen D, Paganini S, Bardus M, et al. Validation of the mobile application rating scale (MARS). PLoS One. Nov 2, 2020;15(11):e0241480. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]32]. The review excluded the subjective quality dimension to ensure objectivity in the quality assessment process. Inconsistent ratings were resolved collaboratively. Interrater reliability was calculated for total and dimensional scores using the intraclass correlation coefficient [Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull. Mar 1979;86(2):420-428. [CrossRef] [Medline]33]. A quality assessment was not planned for publications, as phase 2 aimed to provide supplementary descriptive information and not quality judgments.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

The same researchers who were involved in the screening process completed data extraction. These researchers attended a training session to help ensure consistency and reliability in data extraction using a web-based data extraction form. The form was discussed and modified for increased clarity. One researcher extracted data from the identified apps, corresponding app store pages, and developer websites, and then, another researcher reviewed and verified the extracted data. The extracted data were collated and summarized by AV and RMB. Any discrepancies in data extraction among researchers were resolved collaboratively.

A widely accepted framework or clinical guideline regarding the key components of a SCI self-management intervention could not be found. Therefore, data extraction and synthesis were guided by the self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions by Barlow et al [Barlow J, Wright C, Sheasby J, Turner A, Hainsworth J. Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient Educ Couns. Oct 2002;48(2):177-187. [CrossRef] [Medline]6], the self-management skills taxonomy by Lorig and Holman [Lorig KR, Holman HR. Self-management education: history, definition, outcomes, and mechanisms. Ann Behav Med. Aug 2003;26(1):1-7. [CrossRef]34] (detailed in Textbox 1), and the Practical Reviews in Self-Management Support taxonomy of self-management support activities [Pearce G, Parke HL, Pinnock H, Epiphaniou E, Bourne CL, Sheikh A, et al. The PRISMS taxonomy of self-management support: derivation of a novel taxonomy and initial testing of its utility. J Health Serv Res Policy. Apr 15, 2016;21(2):73-82. [CrossRef] [Medline]5] to help organize its findings.

Textbox 1. Self-management task and skill frameworks.

Self-management tasks [Barlow J, Wright C, Sheasby J, Turner A, Hainsworth J. Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient Educ Couns. Oct 2002;48(2):177-187. [CrossRef] [Medline]6]

  • Medical management: making health-related appointments, following treatment plans, tracking symptoms, and taking medication as directed
  • Role management: organizing and coordinating the various everyday roles and responsibilities related to work, family, community, and self-care and adapting these roles as needed
  • Emotional management: regulating and coping with emotions resulting from living with a condition in a healthy and effective manner

Self-management skills [Lorig KR, Holman HR. Self-management education: history, definition, outcomes, and mechanisms. Ann Behav Med. Aug 2003;26(1):1-7. [CrossRef]34]

  • Problem-solving: identifying problems and finding, implementing, and evaluating solutions
  • Decision-making: weighing options and choosing the best course of action in response to changes in their condition
  • Resource use: finding and effectively using resources
  • Forming patient-provider partnerships: learning from and partnering with health care professionals to understand the patterns experienced with a condition, make informed decisions, and discuss related issues
  • Action planning: developing a realistic action plan that can be confidently used to achieve a set goal
  • Self-tailoring: developing and implementing personalized self-management strategies as needed

Overview

A total of 13 apps were included in the final synthesis, and no publications describing them were identified. Figures 1 and International perspectives on spinal cord injury. World Health Organization. Nov 11, 2013. URL: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/international-perspectives-on-spinal-cord-injury [accessed 2024-11-25] 2 detail the corresponding methodological processes (see

Multimedia Appendix 2

PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) checklist.

DOCX File , 26 KBMultimedia Appendix 2 for the PRISMA checklist).

Figure 1. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flowchart of the app store search, selection, and inclusion process.
Figure 2. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flowchart of the literature search, selection, and inclusion process.

App Characteristics

Overview

The 13 identified apps are summarized in

Multimedia Appendix 3

Characteristics of the 13 identified self-management apps for spinal cord injury.

DOCX File , 21 KBMultimedia Appendix 3. They were launched between 2013 and 2021, with the majority (9/13, 69%) released from 2019 onward [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43] (Table 1). These apps mainly originated from the United States (8/13, 62%) [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46], followed by Australia (2/13, 15%) [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42] and 1 (1/13, 8%) each from Belarus [Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47], France [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], and Italy [Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43]. They were mainly published under the Health category (8/13, 62%) [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37-AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47], followed by 1 (1/13, 8%) app each under the Tools [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35], News and magazines [PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44], Sports [SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45], Communication [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], and Lifestyle [iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41] categories across both app stores. The identified apps supported 14 languages, with English having full support due to the language eligibility requirement, followed by French (4/13, 31%); German and Italian (3/13, 23%); Spanish and Portuguese (2/13, 15%); and several other European languages, Turkish, and Japanese (1/13, 8%). The identified apps were available in 72 countries, covering all 6 major world regions and 16 (73%) of the 22 subregions globally [Methodology: standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49). United Nations Statistics Division. URL: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ [accessed 2024-10-30] 48]. They were unavailable in countries in central Asia, middle Africa, eastern Africa, Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. Where reported (8/13, 62%) [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47], 15% (2/13) of the identified apps had between 500,001 and 1,000,000 [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47], 1001 and 5000 [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44], 101 and 1000 [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45], and 6 and 50 [Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39] downloads each. The number of downloads for the 5 Apple App Store apps was not reported. Target user ages were not reported, but most apps had content deemed appropriate for all ages (9/13, 69%) [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47] and a few for adults only (4/13, 31%) [iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41-Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46].

Table 1. Characteristics of the 13 identified self-management apps for spinal cord injury by frequency.
CharacteristicApps, n (%)
Year of launch

2020 [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39]4 (31)

2019 [Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40-Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42]4 (31)

2013 [Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]2 (15)

2017 [PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45]2 (15)

2021 [Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43]1 (8)
Country of origin

United States [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]8 (62)

Australia [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42]2 (15)

Belarus [Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]1 (8)

France [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36]1 (8)

Italy [Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43]1 (8)
Regional availability

Australia and New Zealand [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]13 (100)

Northern America [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]13 (100)

Western Europe [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]13 (100)

Northern Africa [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]12 (92)

Northern Europe [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]12 (92)

South America [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]12 (92)

Central America [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]11 (85)

Southern Africa [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]11 (85)

Western Africa [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]11 (85)

Eastern Asia [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]11 (85)

Southeastern Asia [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]11 (85)

Southern Asia [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]11 (85)

Western Asia [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]11 (85)

Eastern Europe [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]11 (85)

Southern Europe [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]11 (85)

Caribbean [AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40-Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]4 (31)
Supported languages

English [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]13 (100)

French [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]4 (31)

Italian [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]3 (23)

German [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]3 (23)

Spanish [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]2 (15)

Portuguese [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]2 (15)

Czech [Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]1 (8)

Danish [Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]1 (8)

Greek [Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]1 (8)

Japanese [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35]1 (8)

Russian [Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]1 (8)

Slovak [Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]1 (8)

Swedish [Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]1 (8)

Turkish [Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]1 (8)
Operating system

Android [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]8 (62)

iOS [AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40-Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]5 (38)
App store category

Health and fitness [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37-AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]6 (46)

Medical [Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]2 (15)

Tools [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35]1 (8)

News and magazines [PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44]1 (8)

Sports [SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45]1 (8)

Communication [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36]1 (8)

Lifestyle [iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41]1 (8)
Year of last update

2020 [Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39-iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45]5 (38)

2022 [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]5 (38)

2019 [Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]3 (23)
Cost to download (US $)

0.00 [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41-PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]6 (46)

≤5.00 [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40]3 (23)

≤10.00 [Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]2 (15)

≤15.00 [SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45]1 (8)

≤20.00 [PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44]1 (8)
In-app purchases

No [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37-Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]9 (69)

Yes [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]4 (31)
Downloads

NRa [AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40-Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]5 (38)

≥500,000 [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]2 (15)

≥1000 [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44]2 (15)

≥100 [SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45]1 (8)

≥500 [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37]1 (8)

≥10 [Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38]1 (8)

≥5 [Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39]1 (8)

aNR: not reported.

Platforms and Functionality

Of the 13 apps included in this study, 10 (77%) used the Android operating system [Android Apps by DSN Inc. DSN Inc. 49-iAccess innovations. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=iAccess+Innovations [accessed 2024-11-25] 56] and 4 (31%) used iOS [Cordilac LC Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/cordical-lc/id1451239111 [accessed 2024-11-25] 57-Giorgio Lofrese Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/giorgio-lofrese/id1601293315 [accessed 2024-11-25] 59]. Of the 13 apps, 2 (15%) used the Android operating system only [Android Apps by DSN Inc. DSN Inc. 49,Android Apps by Kinnereth LLC App Dev on Google Play. Kinnereth LLC. 54], 3 (23%) used iOS only [Cordilac LC Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/cordical-lc/id1451239111 [accessed 2024-11-25] 57-Giorgio Lofrese Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/giorgio-lofrese/id1601293315 [accessed 2024-11-25] 59], and 6 (46%) used both Android and iOS [Android Apps by Google LLC on Google Play. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/dev?id=5700313618786177705&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-10-22] 50-Maslow for people. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=Maslow+For+People [accessed 2024-11-25] 53,Android Apps by Injectful LLC on Google Play. Injectful LLC. 55,iAccess innovations. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=iAccess+Innovations [accessed 2024-11-25] 56,iPad and iPhone. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/google-llc/id281956209?see-all=i-phonei-pad-apps [accessed 2024-11-25] 60-iAccess Innovations Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/iaccess-innovations/id1453988842 [accessed 2024-11-25] 65]. The earliest operating system versions supported by the identified apps were Android version 4 (5/13, 38%) [Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47] and iOS version 9 (1/13, 8%) [AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40]. The identified apps had a file size ranging from 3 MB to 117 MB, with the average size being 31 (SD 35.18) MB for Android and 47 (SD 28.15) MB for iOS. Of the identified apps, half (7/13, 54%) had a tablet version [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]. Most of the identified apps (9/13, 69%) were functional without an internet connection [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]. The identified apps had no discernible way for users to access their data and freely export their data. Of the 13 apps, 1 (8%) incorporated gamification [Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42], 2 (15%) included assistive videos [Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47], and 3 (23%) provided music or audio [Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47].

Very few of the included apps (3/13, 23%) had a wide range of features. Of the 13 apps, only 2 (15%) offered tracking functionality for physical activity [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42], and 1 (8%) app had features to support mindfulness and deep breathing exercises as a form of sleep therapy [Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39]. None of the apps provided a platform for peer support, though 1 (8%) of the 13 apps did provide a connection to a support professional [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37]. No apps provided features for psychoeducation, journaling, goal setting, habits, or chatbot interactions.

Privacy and Support

Most of the identified apps (8/13, 62%) provided accessible privacy policies [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43]. The remaining apps either had broken web page links to the privacy policies [Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46] or provided none [Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]. When provided, privacy policies were accessible from the app store and app (4/13, 31%) [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39-iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41] and app store alone (8/13, 62%) [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43]. No clarification on personal data processing and data security measures was provided. Of the 13 apps, 1 (8%) [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37] was identified as sharing personal health information as it connected users to health care providers. No deidentified, anonymized, or aggregated data were seemingly shared by the identified apps, and they did not claim to meet any regulation targeting data privacy or security such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 in the United States. Data collection was mandatory for the identified apps. However, it was difficult to distinguish between optional and mandatory data collection. As a result, this distinction was not included in the synthesis. See Table 2 for more information.

Table 2. User data collected by the 13 identified self-management apps for spinal cord injury by purpose.
Data collectedPurposeApps, n (%)
Network connectionsAnalytics [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35] and unknown [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36-Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]8 (62)
Email addressAnalytics [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39], app functionality [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36-Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41], developer communications [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39], security and compliance [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39], personalization [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39], and account management [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39]6 (46)
App interactionsAnalytics [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], app functionality [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], developer communications [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], and unknown [Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41]4 (31)
Contact listApp functionality [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41] and personalization [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37]4 (31)
Device IDAnalytics [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38] and security and compliance [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36-Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38]4 (31)
IP addressAnalytics [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37-AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40] and security and compliance [Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38]4 (31)
Credit card informationApp functionality [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37] and unknown [Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41]3 (23)
LocationApp functionality [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37], personalization [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37], and unknown [Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39]2 (15)
Log dataAnalytics [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40]3 (23)
NameApp functionality [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41] and personalization [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38]3 (23)
Phone numberAnalytics [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], app functionality [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], developer communications [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37], security and compliance [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41], personalization [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41], account management [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], and unknown [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36]3 (23)
AgeAnalytics [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37], app functionality [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38], and personalization [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38]2 (15)
Crash logsAnalytics [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], app functionality [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], and developer communications [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36]2 (15)
Date of birthAnalytics [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41], app functionality [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37], and personalization [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41]2 (15)
Device typeAnalytics [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41] and security and compliance [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41]2 (15)
DiagnosticsAnalytics [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], app functionality [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], and developer communications [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36]2 (15)
Postal addressAnalytics [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37], app functionality [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37], developer communications [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37], and personalization [iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41]2 (15)
User IDAnalytics [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], app functionality [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], developer communications [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], security and compliance [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], personalization [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36], and account management [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36]2 (15)
GenderAnalytics [iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41] and personalization [iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41]1 (8)
In-app search historyAnalytics [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35]1 (8)
Other user-generated contentAnalytics [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35] and app functionality [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35]1 (8)
Statistics on page viewsAnalytics [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37]1 (8)

Most apps provided support options (12/13, 92%) and used email (6/13, 46%) [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]; website-based information (6/13, 46%) [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45]; tutorials, guides, or manuals (6/13, 46%) [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]; frequently asked questions (3/13, 23%) [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41]; phone (2/13, 15%) [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42]; web chat (1/13, 8%) [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35]; contact forms (1/13, 8%) [Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42]; and social media platforms (1/13, 8%) [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37] for this purpose. Of the 13 apps, 4 (31%) provided 2 options [AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45], 3 (23%) provided 4 options [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42] and 1 option [Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47], and 1 (8%) provided 3 options [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35].

Cost

Of the 13 apps, 5 (38%) did not request payment [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41-Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43] and the remaining 8 (62%) accepted payment [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47] to download [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38-AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47], while 4 (31%) accepted payment for one-time or recurring in-app purchases to access full features [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]. The cost to download ranged from US $1.99 to US $19.99.

Developers

Developers were mainly for-profit companies (10/11, 91%) [Android Apps by DSN Inc. DSN Inc. 49,Android Apps by Google LLC on Google Play. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/dev?id=5700313618786177705&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-10-22] 50,Google P. Android Apps by JIB Smart Home on Google Play. 2022 24. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=JIB+Smart+Home&hl=en [accessed 2024-10-30] 52-iPad and iPhone. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/google-llc/id281956209?see-all=i-phonei-pad-apps [accessed 2024-11-25] 60,JIB Smart Home SAS. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/developer/jib-smart-home-sas/id1435310186 [accessed 2024-11-25] 62-iAccess Innovations Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/iaccess-innovations/id1453988842 [accessed 2024-11-25] 65] except for 1 (9%) nonprofit company [Android apps by paralyzed veterans of America on Google Play. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/nr/developer/paralyzed-veterans-of-america/id596481960 [accessed 2024-12-11] 51,Paralyzed Veterans of America Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/paralyzed-veterans-of-america/id596481960 [accessed 2024-11-25] 61]. Developers published 246 apps across both app stores [Android Apps by DSN Inc. DSN Inc. 49-iAccess Innovations Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/iaccess-innovations/id1453988842 [accessed 2024-11-25] 65], with most of them being published in Google Play Store (137/246, 55.7%) [Android Apps by DSN Inc. DSN Inc. 49-iAccess innovations. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=iAccess+Innovations [accessed 2024-11-25] 56] and the remainder in the Apple App Store (109/246, 44.3%) [Cordilac LC Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/cordical-lc/id1451239111 [accessed 2024-11-25] 57-iAccess Innovations Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/iaccess-innovations/id1453988842 [accessed 2024-11-25] 65] (Table 3). Half of the developers focused on publishing health-related apps (6/11, 55%) [Android Apps by DSN Inc. DSN Inc. 49,Maslow for people. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=Maslow+For+People [accessed 2024-11-25] 53-Android Apps by Injectful LLC on Google Play. Injectful LLC. 55,Cordilac LC Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/cordical-lc/id1451239111 [accessed 2024-11-25] 57,Giorgio Lofrese Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/giorgio-lofrese/id1601293315 [accessed 2024-11-25] 59,iThai - Thailand Official Guide. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/au/developer/ilya-thai/id1495108430 [accessed 2024-11-25] 63,App S. Android Apps by Injectful LLC on Google Play. 2022 24. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/injectful-llc/id1536724322 [accessed 2024-10-30] 64], and the others published apps across a wide range of categories in the app store [Android Apps by Google LLC on Google Play. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/dev?id=5700313618786177705&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-10-22] 50-Google P. Android Apps by JIB Smart Home on Google Play. 2022 24. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=JIB+Smart+Home&hl=en [accessed 2024-10-30] 52,iAccess innovations. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=iAccess+Innovations [accessed 2024-11-25] 56,Monster Hub Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/monster-hub/id1455953573 [accessed 2024-11-25] 58,iPad and iPhone. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/google-llc/id281956209?see-all=i-phonei-pad-apps [accessed 2024-11-25] 60-JIB Smart Home SAS. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/developer/jib-smart-home-sas/id1435310186 [accessed 2024-11-25] 62,iAccess Innovations Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/iaccess-innovations/id1453988842 [accessed 2024-11-25] 65]. The Paralyzed Veterans of America [Android apps by paralyzed veterans of America on Google Play. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/nr/developer/paralyzed-veterans-of-america/id596481960 [accessed 2024-12-11] 51,Paralyzed Veterans of America Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/paralyzed-veterans-of-america/id596481960 [accessed 2024-11-25] 61] published 3 (23%) of the 13 identified apps [PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]; other developers (10/11, 91%) published 1 each [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47].

Table 3. Characteristics of the developers of the identified self-management apps for spinal cord injury (N=11).
Developer name and citationCountryCompany typeApp store categories with published apps
DSN Inc [Android Apps by DSN Inc. DSN Inc. 49]BelarusFor-profit companyHealth and fitness and puzzle
Google LLC [Android Apps by Google LLC on Google Play. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/dev?id=5700313618786177705&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-10-22] 50,iPad and iPhone. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/google-llc/id281956209?see-all=i-phonei-pad-apps [accessed 2024-11-25] 60]United StatesFor-profit companyAuto and vehicles, books and reference, business, communication, education, entertainment, finance, health and fitness, libraries and demo, lifestyle, medical, music and audio, news and magazines, personalization, photo and video, photography, productivity, simulation, social, tools, travel and local, utilities, utilities, video players and editors, and weather
Paralyzed Veterans of America [Android apps by paralyzed veterans of America on Google Play. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/nr/developer/paralyzed-veterans-of-america/id596481960 [accessed 2024-12-11] 51,Paralyzed Veterans of America Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/paralyzed-veterans-of-america/id596481960 [accessed 2024-11-25] 61]United StatesNonprofit companyBusiness, medical, news and magazines, and sports
JIB Smart Home [Google P. Android Apps by JIB Smart Home on Google Play. 2022 24. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=JIB+Smart+Home&hl=en [accessed 2024-10-30] 52,JIB Smart Home SAS. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/developer/jib-smart-home-sas/id1435310186 [accessed 2024-11-25] 62]FranceFor-profit companyCommunication, house and home, and style
Maslow For People and Ilya Thai [Maslow for people. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=Maslow+For+People [accessed 2024-11-25] 53,iThai - Thailand Official Guide. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/au/developer/ilya-thai/id1495108430 [accessed 2024-11-25] 63]AustraliaFor-profit companyHealth and fitness
Kinnereth LLC App Dev [Android Apps by Kinnereth LLC App Dev on Google Play. Kinnereth LLC. 54]United StatesFor-profit companyHealth and fitness
Injectful LLC [Android Apps by Injectful LLC on Google Play. Injectful LLC. 55,App S. Android Apps by Injectful LLC on Google Play. 2022 24. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/injectful-llc/id1536724322 [accessed 2024-10-30] 64]United StatesFor-profit companyHealth and fitness
Cordilac LC [Cordilac LC Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/cordical-lc/id1451239111 [accessed 2024-11-25] 57]United StatesFor-profit companyHealth and fitness
iAccess Innovations [iAccess innovations. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=iAccess+Innovations [accessed 2024-11-25] 56,iAccess Innovations Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/iaccess-innovations/id1453988842 [accessed 2024-11-25] 65]United StatesFor-profit companyLifestyle
Monster Hub [Monster Hub Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/monster-hub/id1455953573 [accessed 2024-11-25] 58]AustraliaFor-profit companyBusiness, education, entertainment, games, health and fitness, lifestyle, productivity, shopping, social networking, sports, and travel
Giorgio Lofrese [Giorgio Lofrese Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/giorgio-lofrese/id1601293315 [accessed 2024-11-25] 59]ItalyFor-profit companyMedical

Characteristics of Approaches Providing mHealth Self-Management Support for SCI

All self-management tasks were supported by the identified apps (Table 4). Role management received the most support (11/13, 85%) [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40-Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47], followed by medical (7/13, 54%) [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47] and emotional (4/13, 31%) [Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45] management (Table 5). Support for a single task was most common (6/13, 46%) [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46], followed by 2 (5/13, 38%) [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47] and 3 (2/13, 15%) [Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45] tasks. When combined, role and medical management were most often supported together (4/13, 31%) [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47], followed by role and emotional management (1/13, 8%) [PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44].

Table 4. Identified self-management apps for spinal cord injury by self-management approach (N=13).
App name and citationSelf-management focus areaRelevant self-management tasksRelevant self-management skillsRelevant self-management support components
Pilates [Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]Physical activity promotionRole management and medical managementAction planningTraining and rehearsal for practical self-management activities
Action Blocks [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35]Activities of daily livingRole managementResource useTraining and rehearsal for practical self-management activities, training and rehearsal for everyday activities, and lifestyle advice and support
PN–Paraplegia News [PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44]Health literacy and activities of daily livingRole management and emotional managementProblem-solving, action planning, and resource useInformation about the condition and or its management, information about available resources, and lifestyle advice and support
SNS Digital [SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45]Physical activity promotion, health literacy, and activities of daily livingRole management, emotional management, and medical managementProblem-solving, action planning, and resource useInformation about available resources and lifestyle advice and support
JIB CALLS [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36]Activities of daily livingRole managementResource useTraining and rehearsal for everyday activities
Disability Care App [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37]Therapeutic exercise and activities of daily livingRole management and medical managementAction planning, maintaining patient-provider partnership, and problem-solvingPractical support with adherence (medication or behavioral), training and rehearsal for practical self-management activities, and training and rehearsal to communicate with health care professionals
Dietitian’s Tools [Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38]Medicating and dietingRole management and medical managementAction planningTraining and rehearsal for practical self-management activities and training and rehearsal to communicate with health care professionals
Injectful [Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39]Pain managementEmotional managementProblem-solvingTraining and rehearsal for psychological strategies
PVA ePubs [Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]Health literacy and activities of daily livingRole managementResource use and action planningInformation about available resources and lifestyle advice and support
AccessiRep [AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40]Physical activity promotionRole management and medical managementProblem-solving and action planningTraining and rehearsal for practical self-management activities
iAccess Life–Accessibility [iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41]MobilityRole managementResource use and action planningLifestyle advice and support, social support, and information about available resources
Neuro Therapy [Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42]Therapeutic exercise and physical activity promotionRole management, emotional management, and medical managementAction planning and maintaining patient-provider partnershipTraining and rehearsal for practical self-management activities, practical support with adherence (medication or behavioral), provision of easy access to advice or support when needed, and social support
Spine Fine [Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43]Therapeutic exercise and physical activity promotionMedical managementAction planningTraining and rehearsal for practical self-management activities, monitoring of the condition with feedback, and provision of easy access to advice or support when needed
Table 5. Characteristics of approaches to self-management support for spinal cord injury by frequency (N=13).
CharacteristicApps, n (%)
Supported self-management tasks

Role management [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40-Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]11 (85)

Emotional management [Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45]4 (31)

Medical management [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]7 (54)
Supported self-management skills

Action planning [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]10 (77)

Resource use [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]6 (46)

Problem-solving [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45]5 (38)

Maintaining patient-provider partnership [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42]2 (15)
Incorporated self-management support components

Training and rehearsal for practical self-management activities [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]7 (54)

Lifestyle advice and support [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]5 (38)

Information about available resources [iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]4 (31)

Social support [iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42]2 (15)

Practical support with adherence (medication or behavioral) [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42]2 (15)

Provision of easy access to advice or support when needed [Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43]2 (15)

Training and rehearsal for everyday activities [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36]2 (15)

Training and rehearsal to communicate with health care professionals [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38]2 (15)

Monitoring of the condition with feedback [Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43]1 (8)

Training and rehearsal for psychological strategies [Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39]1 (8)
Targeted self-management focus areas

Activities of daily living [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]6 (46)

Physical activity promotion [AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]5 (38)

Health literacy [PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44-Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]3 (23)

Therapeutic exercise [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43]3 (23)

Mobility [iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41]1 (8)

Medicating and dieting [Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38]1 (8)

Pain management [Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39]1 (8)

Most self-management skills were supported by the identified apps (4/6, 67%; Table 5). Action planning received support from most of the identified apps (10/13, 77%) [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47], whereas maintaining patient-provider partnership received the least support (2/13, 15%) [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42]. Support for a single skill was most common (6/13, 46%) [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47], followed by 2 (4/13, 31%) [AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40-Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46] and 3 (3/13, 23%) [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45] skills.

Incorporated self-management support components included 71% (10/14) of the Practical Reviews in Self-Management Support components (Table 5). The top 3 components were incorporated more than the average number of times and accounted for 85% (11/13) of the identified apps. Information regarding the condition and its management, including equipment details, specific clinical action plans, rescue medications, and regular clinical reviews, was not included. Of the 13 apps, 6 (46%) incorporated 1 component [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35,JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36,Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47], 4 (31%) incorporated 2 components [AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40-Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46], and 3 (23%) incorporated 3 components [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37,PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44,SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45].

The adopted approaches to providing self-management support mainly focused on activities of daily living, physical activity promotion, health literacy, and therapeutic exercise (Table 5). Mobility, medicating and dieting, and pain management were targeted to a lesser extent.

MARS Evaluation

The mean MARS score for the 13 identified apps was 3.86 (SD 0.54), with a maximum of 4.52 for Action Blocks [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35] and a minimum of 2.72 for AccessiRep [AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40], indicating good overall quality (Table 6). On average, the best-rated section was functionality (mean 4.56, SD 0.33), followed by information quality (mean 3.71, SD 0.78), aesthetics (mean 3.62, SD 0.91), engagement (mean 3.54, SD 0.61), app subjective quality (mean 3.39, SD 0.98), and app specific quality (mean 2.73, SD 0.97). The mean MARS score for the apps from Google Play and Apple App Store were 3.84 (SD 0.47; 8/13, 61%) and 3.88 (SD 0.71; 5/13, 39%), respectively. The interrater reliability as assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.80 (95% CI 0.49-0.94), indicating a good level of agreement in the scoring between the 2 raters (AV and MD) [Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. Jun 2016;15(2):155-163. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]66].

Table 6. Mobile App Rating Scale scores (overall score and 4 subscales) of the 13 identified self-management apps for spinal cord injury.
App name and citation; developer and citationOverall scoreEngagement scoreFunctionality scoreAesthetics scoreInformation quality score
Action Blocks [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35]; Google LLC [Android Apps by Google LLC on Google Play. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/dev?id=5700313618786177705&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-10-22] 50,iPad and iPhone. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/google-llc/id281956209?see-all=i-phonei-pad-apps [accessed 2024-11-25] 60]4.524.404.754.504.42
PVA ePubs [Paralyzed Veterans of America. PVA ePubs. App Store. 2022. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/pva-epubs/id596481957?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 46]; Paralyzed Veterans of America [Android apps by paralyzed veterans of America on Google Play. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/nr/developer/paralyzed-veterans-of-america/id596481960 [accessed 2024-12-11] 51,Paralyzed Veterans of America Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/paralyzed-veterans-of-america/id596481960 [accessed 2024-11-25] 61]4.483.504.884.834.70
Neuro Therapy [Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42]; Monster Hub [Monster Hub Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/monster-hub/id1455953573 [accessed 2024-11-25] 58]4.444.304.384.504.60
Disability Care App [Maslow - collaborative care. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=io.maslow.maslow&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 37]; Maslow For People [Maslow for people. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=Maslow+For+People [accessed 2024-11-25] 53,iThai - Thailand Official Guide. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/au/developer/ilya-thai/id1495108430 [accessed 2024-11-25] 63]4.194.204.634.673.25
JIB CALLS [JIB CALLS. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.jib.calls&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 36]; JIB Smart Home [Google P. Android Apps by JIB Smart Home on Google Play. 2022 24. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=JIB+Smart+Home&hl=en [accessed 2024-10-30] 52,JIB Smart Home SAS. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/developer/jib-smart-home-sas/id1435310186 [accessed 2024-11-25] 62]3.983.804.884.003.25
Injectful [Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39]; Injectful LLC [Android Apps by Injectful LLC on Google Play. Injectful LLC. 55,App S. Android Apps by Injectful LLC on Google Play. 2022 24. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/injectful-llc/id1536724322 [accessed 2024-10-30] 64]3.933.504.634.003.60
iAccess Life–Accessibility [iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41]; iAccess Innovations [iAccess innovations. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/developer?id=iAccess+Innovations [accessed 2024-11-25] 56,iAccess Innovations Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/iaccess-innovations/id1453988842 [accessed 2024-11-25] 65]3.923.804.883.503.50
PN–Paraplegia News [PVA events. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.aventri.pva300009319&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 44]; Paralyzed Veterans of America [Android apps by paralyzed veterans of America on Google Play. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/nr/developer/paralyzed-veterans-of-america/id596481960 [accessed 2024-12-11] 51,Paralyzed Veterans of America Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/paralyzed-veterans-of-america/id596481960 [accessed 2024-11-25] 61]3.853.404.503.004.50
SNS Digital [SNS Digital. Paralyzed Veterans of America. 2020. 45]; Paralyzed Veterans of America [Android apps by paralyzed veterans of America on Google Play. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/nr/developer/paralyzed-veterans-of-america/id596481960 [accessed 2024-12-11] 51,Paralyzed Veterans of America Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/paralyzed-veterans-of-america/id596481960 [accessed 2024-11-25] 61]3.853.404.503.004.50
Spine Fine [Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43]; Giorgio Lofrese [Giorgio Lofrese Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/giorgio-lofrese/id1601293315 [accessed 2024-11-25] 59]3.833.604.383.833.50
Dietitian’s Tools [Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38]; Kinnereth LLC App Dev [Android Apps by Kinnereth LLC App Dev on Google Play. Kinnereth LLC. 54]3.462.804.882.673.50
Pilates [Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]; DSN Inc [Android Apps by DSN Inc. DSN Inc. 49]2.963.104.252.172.33
AccessiRep [AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40]; Cordilac LC [Cordilac LC Apps on the App Store. App Store. URL: https://apps.apple.com/us/developer/cordical-lc/id1451239111 [accessed 2024-11-25] 57]2.722.203.752.332.58

Regarding engagement, most of the identified apps were deemed sufficiently customizable, interactive, and focused on the targeted audience [Action Blocks. Google Play. URL: https:/​/play.​google.com/​store/​apps/​details/​Action_Blocks?id=com.​google.​android.​apps.​accessibility.​maui.​actionblocks&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 35-Dietitian's Tools. Kinnereth LLC App Dev. 2019. 38,iAccess life - accessibility. Google Play. URL: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.iaccessapp&hl=en_IN [accessed 2024-11-25] 41,Monster Hub. Neuro Therapy. App Store. 2019. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/neuro-therapy/id1479833318?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 42,Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47], as indicated by the minimum acceptability score of 3.0 established by the MARS. Nonetheless, several apps were rated lower due to lacking sufficient settings for customization [Injectful. Injectful LLC. 2020. 39,AccessiRep. Cordilac LC. 2020. URL: https://apps.apple.com/ch/app/accessirep/id1451239112?l=en-GB [accessed 2024-12-11] 40,Spine Fine by Giorgio Lofrese. AppAdvice. URL: https://appadvice.com/app/spine-fine/1601293313 [accessed 2024-11-25] 43-Pilates. DSN Inc. 2019. 47]. In terms of functionality, the identified apps were generally easy to use and had good navigation and gestural design. Similarly, the identified apps received high scores for aesthetics, as they featured appealing graphic designs, color schemes, and layouts that were consistent throughout. Concerning information quality, most apps had accurate descriptions and presented enough information of good quality. However, low or no scores were noted regarding the presence of specific, measurable, and achievable goals as well as an evidence base supported by scientific research or expert-reviewed guidelines for the app’s content and functionality.


Principal Findings and Comparison With Prior Work

This study identified 13 self-management support apps for SCI available on the Google Play Store and Apple App Store that meet this study’s inclusion criteria. No scientific literature was found that focused on designing, describing, evaluating, piloting, implementing, or improving them. This emphasizes the critical shortage of evidential support in literature for these apps and underscores the uncertainty around their quality and effectiveness. Consequently, it becomes challenging to confidently recommend any of them or identify which aspects require improvement. Unsurprisingly, none of the apps were identified by an earlier systematic literature review with similar inclusion criteria [Bernard RM, Seijas V, Davis M, Volkova A, Diviani N, Lüscher J, et al. Mobile health self-management support for spinal cord injury: systematic literature review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. Apr 26, 2023;11:e42679. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]67]. This highlights the need for greater collaboration between researchers and developers to improve the dissemination and availability of theory- and evidence-based self-management support apps for SCI.

Self-Management Support Apps for SCI

This study identified 11 self-management support apps launched on the Google Play Store and Apple App Store between 2017 and 2021, similar in number to the 11 apps identified by the earlier systematic literature review [Bernard RM, Seijas V, Davis M, Volkova A, Diviani N, Lüscher J, et al. Mobile health self-management support for spinal cord injury: systematic literature review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. Apr 26, 2023;11:e42679. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]67]. As all apps were unique, a total of 22 self-management support apps for SCI were available during this period. The United States continues to contribute most of the apps identified, which may result in a potential bias toward the cultural, social, and demographic context of the country and may not fully capture the diverse needs and preferences of users from other regions. Although apps from Canada, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Thailand were discussed in the literature, no similar apps from these countries were found on app distribution platforms. According to this review, Australia, Belarus, and France were also represented for the first time. The number of downloads for Apple App Store apps was not reported, limiting our understanding of the popularity and reach of these apps. It was noted that most apps did not require an internet connection, which is beneficial for areas with poor or no internet connectivity.

mHealth Self-Management Support Approaches in SCI

This study identified self-management focus areas that align with those found in the earlier systematic literature review [Bernard RM, Seijas V, Davis M, Volkova A, Diviani N, Lüscher J, et al. Mobile health self-management support for spinal cord injury: systematic literature review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. Apr 26, 2023;11:e42679. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]67]. These included physical activity promotion, pain management, therapeutic exercise, medication, and dieting. The identified apps in this review also supported all self-management tasks; emotional management received the least amount of support, albeit more than in the earlier review. While the support for role management was slightly less but almost equal to medical management in the earlier review, the identified apps in this review provided more resources in support of role management. The general trend in the coverage of support for self-management tasks remains consistent with the earlier review. However, the apps identified in this study provide more comprehensive support for these tasks compared to the previous review. Unlike in the earlier review, decision-making and self-tailoring self-management skills were unsupported by apps identified in this study. They were also 2 (50%) of the top 4 skills supported by mHealth covered in literature. The trend in the coverage of support for self-management skills and support activities remains consistent with the earlier review, but the identified apps provide less coverage for these skills and activities.

Quality of Self-Management Support Apps for SCI

Similar to findings from this study, recent reviews on self-management support apps for food allergies or intolerances [Mandracchia F, Llauradó E, Tarro L, Valls RM, Solà R. Mobile phone apps for food allergies or intolerances in app stores: systematic search and quality assessment using the mobile app rating scale (MARS). JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. Sep 16, 2020;8(9):e18339. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]68], depression [Myers A, Chesebrough L, Hu R, Turchioe MR, Pathak J, Creber RM. Evaluating commercially available mobile apps for depression self-management. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2020;2020:906-914. [FREE Full text] [Medline]69], rare diseases [Hatem S, Long JC, Best S, Fehlberg Z, Nic Giolla Easpaig B, Braithwaite J. Mobile apps for people with rare diseases: review and quality assessment using mobile app rating scale. J Med Internet Res. Jul 26, 2022;24(7):e36691. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]70], and diabetes (3.42) [Gong E, Zhang Z, Jin X, Liu Y, Zhong L, Wu Y, et al. Quality, functionality, and features of Chinese mobile apps for diabetes self-management: systematic search and evaluation of mobile apps. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. Apr 07, 2020;8(4):e14836. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]71] also report that the overall quality of self-management support apps assessed are generally acceptable. App functionality also received the highest ratings across these studies, which suggests that self-management support apps tend to be user-friendly. A higher engagement score was reported by this study compared to the other aforementioned studies, suggesting that self-management support apps for SCI are more engaging on average. Aesthetics received high mean scores across the studies as well, suggesting that self-management support apps across varying health conditions had appealing graphic designs, color schemes, and layouts. Information quality scores were also similar among these studies.

Implications for Future Practice and Research

More apps that provide comprehensive self-management support for SCI are needed. Adopting new development methods could help reduce barriers to development, such as time, cost, and securing scarce expertise. For example, low-code development platforms provide prebuilt templates and drag-and-drop interfaces, allowing apps to be created with minimal hand-coding. In addition, customizing white-label solutions can further streamline the development process. Adopting an iterative co-design approach involving key stakeholders, such as persons with SCI, health professionals, app developers, carers, and researchers, would also be key for app success. This approach could also incorporate validation studies with health professionals, efficacy and effectiveness studies through collaborations with researchers, and quality evaluations with a wide range of key stakeholders using tools such as MARS [Stoyanov SR, Hides L, Kavanagh DJ, Wilson H. Development and validation of the user version of the mobile application rating scale (uMARS). JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. Jun 10, 2016;4(2):e72. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]72].

Complying with best practices should also be considered. App store categorization should be more consistent to improve the discoverability and accessibility for potential users. Privacy notices must be accessible via app stores so users can make an informed decision at the point of download and in the app. Providing information about the required device permissions is also useful.

It is critical for future research to provide a supportive evidence base for the development of high-quality self-management support apps for SCI, as none appears to exist. Investigations using app use data are needed to adequately determine their feasibility. App download counts are insufficient as they only indicate awareness of the app and potentially the initial willingness to use it. Further investigation into the data collection practices of these apps is warranted due to the challenges in distinguishing between optional and mandatory data collection and the associated concerns about the potential data privacy risks and implications. Given the high turnover of available apps on these platforms, future systematic searches in app stores need to continuously monitor and capture this information to increase the awareness of available high-quality self-management support apps that could benefit people with SCI. Persons with SCI, their carers, and related health professionals should be asked to recommend self-management support apps for consideration. Searching a wider range of mobile app digital distribution platforms could also be beneficial for identifying more self-management support apps. Furthermore, it could be beneficial to validate the reported findings with datasets from these other platforms. Research should also consider supplementing the MARS with other instruments for a more comprehensive assessment and description of apps, such as the app evaluation model by the American Psychiatric Association [Lagan S, Aquino P, Emerson MR, Fortuna K, Walker R, Torous J. Actionable health app evaluation: translating expert frameworks into objective metrics. NPJ Digit Med. Jul 30, 2020;3(1):100. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]73], behavior change technique taxonomy [Michie S, Richardson M, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis J, Hardeman W, et al. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Ann Behav Med. Aug 20, 2013;46(1):81-95. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]23], and IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics app functionality scale [Aitken M, Gauntlett C. Patient apps for improved healthcare: from novelty to mainstream. IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. Oct 2013. URL: https://ignacioriesgo.es/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/iihi_patient_apps_report_editora_39_2_1.pdf [accessed 2024-11-25] 22].

Limitations

Although the most popular by a wide margin, only 2 of the many mobile app digital distribution platforms (eg, Microsoft Store, BlackBerry World, Huawei, and AppGallery) were searched, and some eligible apps could have been overlooked. The app store search keywords were broad but also limited to ensure that screening was feasible for the small team, and it cannot be guaranteed that all eligible apps were retrieved. Using a proprietary application programming interface potentially imposes limitations in terms of transparency relating to search accuracy, comprehensiveness, and documentation, which could affect the reproducibility of this study. Although unlikely, it is acknowledged that some eligible apps might have been missed due to the English language restriction. Not considering all app versions across both platforms could have biased the results, but this was unlikely in this synthesis as the identified apps were identical versions and were almost indistinguishable beyond differences imposed by the platform. Assessing identified apps in the English language could have also biased the results as other translations might not provide a similar user experience. While the inclusion of privacy policies was noted, analyzing their content and drawing conclusions about their conciseness, transparency, intelligibility, and accessibility was beyond the scope of this synthesis. The MARS neglects important aspects of app quality, such as data privacy, security, and accessibility, but provides sufficient scope with its 5 dimensions for the purposes of this initial overview of self-management support apps for SCI. Due to the exclusion of several inapplicable items from the mean score of the information dimension, comparisons between apps with and without complete data, especially for this dimension, should be cautiously interpreted. As mobile app digital distribution platforms constantly undergo swift changes, it is acknowledged that these findings provide a snapshot. The identified apps may have been updated or no longer available, their content may have been modified, or new mobile apps may have been developed since this systematic search was conducted, and this can limit the generalizability of this study’s findings. Furthermore, these findings may not be generalizable to all self-management support apps for SCI, as the inclusion criteria were specific to certain types of apps, including those available in English and in certain app stores, such as Google Play Store and Apple App Store.

Conclusions

This study contributes to a broader understanding of mHealth self-management support tools for SCI by identifying and evaluating 13 self-management support apps for SCI. While these apps had good overall quality as measured by the MARS assessment, greater collaboration between developers and researchers is needed to improve the dissemination and availability of theory- and evidence-based self-management support apps for SCI. Failure to adopt this approach could limit the potential impact of these apps and result in missed opportunities to improve self-management support for people living with SCI. Furthermore, exploring new app development methods, such as using low-code platforms, could help promote stakeholder inclusivity in the development process and reduce barriers to app development, including time, cost, and expertise.

Acknowledgments

We dedicate this work to the memory of our dear Renaldo M Bernard, who passed away before the final publication of this study, which he spearheaded. His death is a great loss to the scientific community and to all those who knew him as a kind, joyful, and bright researcher.

The authors thank Dr Ana Ona Macías for her generous contribution to the Mobile App Rating Scale analyses.

Conflicts of Interest

None declared.

Multimedia Appendix 1

Search concepts and terms and search strategies for queried databases.

DOCX File , 49 KB

Multimedia Appendix 2

PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) checklist.

DOCX File , 26 KB

Multimedia Appendix 3

Characteristics of the 13 identified self-management apps for spinal cord injury.

DOCX File , 21 KB

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MARS: Mobile App Rating Scale
mHealth: mobile health
PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
SCI: spinal cord injury


Edited by L Buis; submitted 15.10.23; peer-reviewed by S Newman, A Van de Winckel; comments to author 26.03.24; revised version received 22.08.24; accepted 11.10.24; published 19.12.24.

Copyright

©Renaldo M Bernard, Vanessa Seijas, Micheal Davis, Anel Volkova, Nicola Diviani, Janina Lüscher, Carla Sabariego. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (https://mhealth.jmir.org), 19.12.2024.

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