Published on in Vol 14 (2026)

1 Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
2 School of Nursing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
3 Center for Health Outcomes and Policy Research, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
4 Departmet of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
5 Department of Nursing, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
6 Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
7 Digital Innovation Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
*these authors contributed equally
