Published on in Vol 14 (2026)

1 Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
2 Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
3 Shenzhen Health Development Research and Data Management Center, Guangdong, China
4 Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
5 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
6 School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
7 Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
*these authors contributed equally
