Effects of Self-Guided Digital Mindfulness Interventions on the Mental Health of Health Care Workers: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Natsu Sasaki   ¹ , MD, PhD ;   Akiomi Inoue   ² , PhD ;   Mako Iida   ¹ , PhD ;   Kazuhiro Watanabe   ³ , PhD ;   Yuka Kobayashi   ⁴ , PhD ;   Asuka Sakuraya   ⁵ , PhD ;   Hisashi Eguchi   ⁶ , MD, PhD ;   Kanami Tsuno   ⁷ , PhD ;   Yu Komase   ^{5, 8} , PhD ;   Yasumasa Otsuka   ⁹ , PhD ;   Mai Iwanaga   ¹⁰ , PhD ;   Reiko Inoue   ³ , MD ;   Kazuto Kuribayashi   ¹¹ , PhD ;   Ayako Hino   ⁶ , MD, PhD ;   Hiroki Asaoka   ¹ , PhD ;   Satoru Kanamori   ¹² , PhD ;   Yuta Inagawa   ¹³ , MD, PhD ;   Takenori Yamauchi   ¹⁴ , PhD ;   Hiroki Ikeda   ¹⁵ , PhD ;   Go Muto   ¹⁶ , MD, PhD ;   Rika Kato   ¹³ , MD, PhD ;   Takuro Okuyama   ¹² , BS ;   Naomichi Tani   ¹⁷ , PhD ;   Noriko Kojimahara   ¹⁸ , MD, PhD ;   Takeshi Ebara   ¹⁷ , PhD ;   Akihito Shimazu   ¹⁹ , PhD ;   Akizumi Tsutsumi   ³ , MD, PhD ;   Norito Kawakami   ⁵ , MD, PhD ;   Kotaro Imamura   ⁵ , PhD

¹ Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

² Institutional Research Center, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan

³ Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

⁴ Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social Policy and Administration, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan

⁵ Department of Digital Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

⁶ Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan

⁷ School of Health Innovation, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Kawasaki, Japan

⁸ Healthcare Business Division, Fujitsu Japan Limited, Kawasaki, Japan

⁹ Institute of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan

¹⁰ Department of Community Mental Health and Law, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan

¹¹ Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Division of Nursing, Wayo Women’s University, Ichikawa, Japan

¹² Graduate School of Public Health, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan

¹³ Department of Psychiatry, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan

¹⁴ Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Showa Medical University, Tokyo, Japan

¹⁵ National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Kawasaki, Japan

¹⁶ Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

¹⁷ Department of Ergonomics, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan

¹⁸ Section of Epidemiology, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka, Japan

¹⁹ Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan