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Skip search results from other journals and go to results- 21 JMIR mHealth and uHealth
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Consequently, there is growing interest in wrist-, upper arm-, or forearm-wearable devices, which use photoplethysmography (PPG) [13]. PPG is a noninvasive measurement technique that detects blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of tissue by illuminating the skin and measuring the reflected light [14].
JMIR Cardio 2025;9:e67110
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Photoplethysmography (PPG) is an optical measurement technique that records changes in the light reflected from the skin surface due to volumetric changes in the facial blood vessels; small variations in perfusion provide valuable information about the cardiovascular system [9]. PPG has been used to measure PR [10,11], oxygen saturation [12], BP [13,14], and RR [10,15] and to detect atrial fibrillation [16].
JMIR Res Protoc 2025;14:e58334
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Wrist-worn devices most often use embedded photoplethysmography sensors that detect changes in light intensity on the skin surface due to changes in blood volume during the cardiac cycle to estimate heart rate [9]. While not all smartwatches are certified as medical devices currently, they offer a way of assessing the viability of photoplethysmography sensors, which are used in some cleared medical devices [9-11].
JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e53645
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The Empatica 4 is a watch-like multisensor device that measures physiological data such as electrodermal activity (EDA), photoplethysmography, skin temperature, and accelerometer readings. It is compact, lightweight, and comfortable to wear, making it suitable for unobtrusive continuous monitoring during cognitive screening of older adults.
JMIR Med Inform 2025;13:e60250
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The underlying CWD technology is mainly based on electrocardiography or photoplethysmography (PPG). While an ECG measures electrical signals from the heart using surface electrodes on the skin, PPG analyzes the heart rhythm through an optical technique that measures the peripheral pulse [10]. This PPG technology has been adopted by smartwatches and smartphones, using light-emitting diodes and sensors or smartphone flashlights and cameras to generate PPG waveforms.
JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e65139
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Wrist-worn devices usually estimate continuous HR through the photoplethysmography (PPG) technique, which was first used in the late 1930s [5]. PPG involves measuring light absorption through tissues of interest [6]; red and infrared lights are emitted by an LED through the skin, and a photoreceptor captures the remaining emissions after tissue absorption [7].
JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2025;13:e54871
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A novel VVC software feature called “Vitals” uses contactless, video-based, remote photoplethysmography (r PPG) technology through the infrared camera on veterans’ smartphones (and other devices) to automatically scan their faces when incorporated into the video platform (Figure 1). Within 45 seconds, it delivers vital statistics on screen to both the provider and patient. Vitals’ statistics include blood pressure, respiratory and heart rates, pulse, and temperature.
JMIR Form Res 2024;8:e60491
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Photoplethysmography (PPG) technology has been used in medicine since the 1970s to assess pulse rate (PR) and blood oxygenation (Sp O2). The accuracy of PPG-based Sp O2 and PR is critical for medical practice, clinical decision-making, and patient outcomes [1].
Technological advancements have led to rapid expansion of this technology into consumer devices [2].
J Med Internet Res 2024;26:e62769
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Raw Photoplethysmography as an Enhancement for Research-Grade Wearable Activity Monitors
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is an optical technology that may have potential to enhance physical activity measurement when combined with established inertial sensors (accelerometers and gyroscopes) [9]. Although PPG was first described nearly 90 years ago, it has only recently gained a high level of visibility for physical activity assessment [10-12]. This growth is reflected in Figure 1, which shows the results of a Scopus search for documents addressing physical activity and PPG.
JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2024;12:e57158
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HRV measurement using photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors, such as those embedded in smartwatches, has been tested against and found to correspond with gold-standard electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements [5]. Although PPG- and ECG-derived HRV metrics have generally good agreement, PPG-based measures can differ from ECG-based measures in the presence of physical activity, cold exposure, and other factors [6-8].
JMIR Form Res 2024;8:e53977
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