This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

mHealth for Symptom and Disease Monitoring, Chronic Disease Management (1399) Telehealth and Telemonitoring (1671) Methods and Feasibility Studies (379) mHealth for Telemedicine and Homecare (399) Heart Failure Self-Management (150) e-Cardiology and Telemonitoring in Cardiology (166)

Published on in Vol 7, No 12 (2019): December

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/13229, first published .
A Hospital-Community-Family–Based Telehealth Program for Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Single-Arm, Prospective Feasibility Study

A Hospital-Community-Family–Based Telehealth Program for Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Single-Arm, Prospective Feasibility Study

A Hospital-Community-Family–Based Telehealth Program for Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Single-Arm, Prospective Feasibility Study

Authors of this article:

Xiaorong Guo1, 2, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Xiang Gu1, 2, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Jiang Jiang1, 2, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Hongxiao Li1, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Ruoyu Duan2, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Yi Zhang3 Author Orcid Image ;   Lei Sun3 Author Orcid Image ;   Zhengyu Bao3 Author Orcid Image ;   Jianhua Shen3 Author Orcid Image ;   Fukun Chen3 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (35) Tweetations (4) Metrics

    Original Paper

    1Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

    2Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China

    3Department of Cardiology, Subei People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

    *these authors contributed equally

    Corresponding Author:

    Xiang Gu, MD, PhD

    Clinical Medical College

    Yangzhou University

    No 98, Nantong West Road

    Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009

    China

    Phone: 86 0514 87373366

    Email: guxiang@yzu.edu.cn


    Background: An increasing number of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) are demanding more convenient and efficient modern health care systems, especially in remote areas away from central cities. Telehealth is receiving increasing attention, which may be useful to patients with CHF.

    Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a hospital-community-family (HCF)–based telehealth program, which was designed to implement remote hierarchical management in patients with CHF.

    Methods: This was a single-arm prospective study in which 70 patients with CHF participated in the HCF-based telehealth program for remote intervention for at least 4 months. The participants were recruited from the clinic and educated on the use of smart health tracking devices and mobile apps to collect and manually upload comprehensive data elements related to the risk of CHF self-care management. They were also instructed on how to use the remote platform and mobile app to send text messages, check notifications, and open video channels. The general practitioners viewed the index of each participant on the mobile app and provided primary care periodically, and cardiologists in the regional central hospital offered remote guidance, if necessary. The assessed outcomes included accomplishments of the program, usability and satisfaction, engagement with the intervention, and changes of heart failure–related health behaviors.

    Results: As of February 2018, a total of 66 individuals, aged 40-79 years, completed the 4-month study. Throughout the study period, 294 electronic medical records were formed on the remote monitoring service platform. In addition, a total of 89 remote consultations and 196 remote ward rounds were conducted. Participants indicated that they were generally satisfied with the intervention for its ease of use and usefulness. More than 91% (21/23) of physicians believed the program was effective, and 87% (20/23) of physicians stated that their professional knowledge could always be refreshed and enhanced through a library hosted on the platform and remote consultation. More than 60% (40/66) of participants showed good adherence to the care plan in the study period, and 79% (52/66) of patients maintained a consistent pattern of reporting and viewing their data over the course of the 4-month follow-up period. The program showed a positive effect on self-management for patients (healthy diet: P=.046, more fruit and vegetable intake: P=.02, weight monitoring: P=.002, blood pressure: P<.001, correct time: P=.049, and daily dosages of medicine taken: P=.006).

    Conclusions: The HCF-based telehealth program is feasible and provided researchers with evidence of remote hierarchical management for patients with CHF, which can enhance participants’ and their families’ access and motivation to engage in self-management. Further prospective studies with a larger sample size are necessary to confirm the program’s effectiveness.

    JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019;7(12):e13229

    doi:10.2196/13229

    Keywords

    telehealth; chronic heart failure; feasibility studies; precise follow-up; self-management 


    Background

    Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a major public health issue, affecting nearly 1 in every 100 people aged above than 65 years, and its prevalence is increasing with the aging population [1]. Patients with CHF have a poor quality of life and a very low 5-year survival rate [2]. In addition, they are particularly vulnerable to readmission. Previous studies indicated that the 30-day readmission rate was 5.6% for CHF, and more than half of them were readmitted a year later [3,4]. In addition to the morbidity of repeat hospitalizations, the cost of hospitalizations is high [5,6]. It undoubtedly increases the burden on the health care system and results in unnecessary wastage of medical resources.

    Considering the demographic changes of patients with CHF, there is a need for a solution that can facilitate more convenient and effective access to medical service, especially in remote areas. With ubiquitous penetration of wireless internet, mobile phone, and portable personal health tracking devices, telehealth has become possible. On account of its potential to provide a much larger number of patients across a much greater geography with specialist care, it is increasingly being valued as a promising long-term management strategy for patients with chronic diseases. It promises the opportunity to remotely provide patients with consistent education, motivation to become engaged in their own self-care, and assistance in monitoring on a regular basis [7].

    To date, many experiments have confirmed the remarkable achievements of telehealth in decreasing patients’ risk of CHF exacerbations and hospital readmissions [8-11], which addresses the burdens associated with disease management and reduces CHF-associated health care costs [12]. However, a number of prior research studies have selected general practitioners or cardiologists to be the only management lead [13,14] or adopted a single management strategy to support self-care and home telemonitoring, such as structured telephone programs [10,15], mobile apps [11], or Web platforms [16]. To our knowledge, no existing system has incorporated a Web platform, mobile app, and smart health tracking devices, together with collaborative work between general practitioners and cardiologists, to engage and empower patients in disease self-management.

    Objectives

    We developed a hospital-community-family (HCF)–based telehealth program and aimed to explore its feasibility for the implementation of remote hierarchical management in patients with CHF.


    Innovative Digital Devices in the Hospital-Community-Family–Based Telehealth Program

    Overall, the program consisted of three innovative digital devices: (1) a remote monitoring service platform (Physio-Gate PG 1000, GETEMED Medizin- und Informationstechnik AG) that collects and integrates patients’ data, (2) a personal health tracking mobile app (King OPTO-Electronic) for each patient, and (3) a few smart health tracking devices.

    The Integrated Remote Monitoring Service Platform

    The integrated remote monitoring service platform is a cloud-based, tablet computer–accessed, secure Web platform that was designed by the Information Academy of Yangzhou University to collect and integrate data. Its domain name is iccvd.com. It is available for both doctors and participants. Each doctor has his/her own specific log-in account. Participants can browse the Web directly without logging in. In the HCF-based telehealth program, this platform acted as a medium for information transmission and sharing of resources among regional central hospitals, community hospitals, and patients. The main functions of this platform are as follows:

    • The electronic medical record of each participant, including medical history, physical examinations, laboratory and imaging findings, clinical diagnosis, general treatment, medication, and individualized reminder, was recorded on the remote monitoring service platform. There are three different important data sources: (1) data registered at the clinic, (2) data exported from the hospital information system, and (3) data recorded by participants themselves.
    • In the electronic medical record, previous data about laboratory and imaging findings were cumulated and arranged in a chronological order. Each value was color marked to indicate the health status of participants: green for improvement, orange for medium risk, red for high risk, and no color for normal or close to normal range. Thus, doctors can assess a patient’s condition more quickly and comprehensively from high-to-moderate risk to low risk, as all medical information is available at a glance.
    • What makes the platform different is the function of analyzing the cumulative data of each individual. A trend diagram of quantitative data such as blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and 6-minute walk distance can be generated automatically by the platform, which can help visualize the overall dynamic change of data.
    • The platform, equipped with a dedicated audio-video system, has high confidentiality and anti-interference ability, which is different from public video-audio platforms such as QQ or WeChat (Tencent, Shenzhen, China).
    • The platform was designed as a library about CHF, including the current research state, latest developments, future trends, and most influential technologies and theories, with more advanced medical knowledge browsing links to the MedSci medical website.
    Mobile App

    A Web-based app, created on both Android and iOS platforms, was developed for reporting health information, monitoring clinical signs, and enabling direct supervision and instruction for patients. The app was designed with a link to the remote monitoring service platform, and two versions were available: one for physicians and another for patients. Both participants and physicians have the right to use the mobile app free of charge. It enables participant management from a distance and allows the physicians to observe and follow the health status of participants at any time.

    The patient’s mobile app is secured by their own specific password. It has the following main functions: data uploading, remote consultations, electronic medical record viewing, and medical appointments (Figure 1). Participants can use the app at home to record and upload comprehensive data elements related to the risk of CHF self-care management, including daily recording of symptom and sign changes and medication adherence. Physicians will analyze these incoming values. When data are outside an acceptable range, participants will receive video calls or text messages via the app. In addition, participants can communicate with physicians more conveniently through their handheld mobile phone with the assistance of the remote consultations function of our app. They can send text messages to their general practitioners round the clock for help and receive personalized guidance on long-term self-care management of CHF via the mobile app. Moreover, participants and their family members can view the participant’s cumulative data, including examination report and clinical diagnosis and medication. Finally, reminders for tracking medical appointments and next visits are visible on the mobile app to keep track of their schedule.

    ‎
    Figure 1. Screenshots from the mobile app of patient.
    View this figure

    A mobile app for physicians was also designed. When a participant uploads data or clicks on the remote consultation icon, general practitioners receive text messages that alert them. They can then view the electronic medical record of the participant under their jurisdiction at any time by logging into the mobile app. If necessary, they can send text or video messages to participants and provide them with individualized advice through mobile apps.

    Smart Health Tracking Devices

    The basic devices including a weight scale and a BP monitor with a cuff were prepared by participants themselves. Some smart health tracking devices are available in our program, if necessary: multicomponent remote monitor (for an electrocardiogram [ECG], peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, and BP; hlTE-4000X, TE-4000Y, Beijing Haileying Medical Technology Co, Ltd, Beijing, China), long-term wearable ECG monitor (BECG1200-A, Thoth Medical Technology Co, Ltd, Suzhou, China), and mobile phone ECG monitor (Zhongwei Laikang Technology Development Co, Ltd, Beijing, China; Figure 2). These health tracking devices were invented to allow remote monitoring, recording, transmitting, and analysis of health parameters during daily activities.

    ‎
    Figure 2. Smart health tracking devices. ECG: electrocardiogram.
    View this figure

    Study Design

    Population

    This single-arm, prospective, quasi-experimental study was conducted in the midland of Jiangsu province. The study received approval from the institutional review board of Subei People’s Hospital. Patients were recruited consecutively from the outpatient clinics of our medical center between June 2017 and September 2017 and were followed up for at least 4 months.

    Inclusion Criteria

    The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) age ≥18 years; (2) left ventricular ejection fraction of ≤45% as assessed by echocardiogram, but left ventricular ejection fraction can be >45% for patients with cardiac insufficiency caused by atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; (3) history of CHF of ≥3 months with New York Heart Association functional class I to IV, of which class IV was without strict bed rest; (4) the general intervention rules are based on the current guidelines [5,17]; and (5) ability to understand the requirements of the study and will to provide written informed consent.

    Exclusion Criteria

    The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) some secondary cardiomyopathy (eg, hyperthyroid heart disease, anemic heart disease); (2) a history of malignancy and life expectancy <1 year; (3) severe primary hepatic and renal insufficiency (alanine aminotransferase level ≥ 100 U/L, serum creatinine level > 3.0 mg/dL, and serum albumin level < 2.5g/L); (4) refusal to participate; (5) inability to visit outpatient clinics periodically; (6) ambulatory status; and (7) judged to be inappropriate for the study by the researchers.

    Study Procedure

    General practitioners in 12 peripheral community hospitals who agreed to participate and signed the contract were organized and trained about the study procedures, the latest standardized management, and the treatment of CHF before the trial began.

    On the patient’s first outpatient visit, the investigator introduced the study plan to the patient and his or her caregiver (if present) who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mobile app was downloaded to patient’s iOS or Android mobile phone or tablet device after the procedures were explained, and written informed consent of the patient was obtained. Trained research assistants then instructed the patient on participation of the HCF-based telehealth program (described below) and the use of digital devices. At study enrollment, information on participant demographics was collected, and the first electronic medical record was established on the remote monitoring service platform. Thereafter, participants were assigned to the nearest participating community hospitals for further follow-up and management. Participants then took their health tracking devices and mobile apps home to join our HCF-based telehealth program, in which they were reminded to use the app or browse the Web platform more than once a week. Telephone follow-up was scheduled at weeks 1, 4, 8, and 16 to evaluate and provide technical support regarding the use of digital devices.

    At the end of the study, the accomplishments of the HCF-based telehealth program were summarized and engagement in the intervention was assessed. Participants, their family members, and professional health care professionals were also interviewed for their experiences and opinions about the telehealth program. Participants were encouraged to provide their honest and candid feedback about the program. The study flow is illustrated in Figure 3.

    ‎
    Figure 3. Study flow of HCF-based telehealth program. HCF: hospital-community-family.
    View this figure

    The Hospital-Community-Family–Based Telehealth Program

    The HCF-based telehealth program consisted of multidisciplinary team members, including experienced cardiologists, general practitioners, participants, and their family members (Figure 4). Mobile app, as the main communication tool between different parts, is at the core of the telehealth structure. The HCF-based telehealth program was not a purely Web-based trial, and there were face-to-face components included in the intervention and assessment.

    The program was partly financed by the project of the Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Department (project code: BL2013022) for items such as remote equipment, software development, labor subsidies, and academic expenses. The primary care physicians and cardiologists who joined the program were compensated or remunerated according to their workload and contribution to the project.

    During the study, participants were required to visit the cardiologist clinic at least once every 2-4 months, and examination of indices related to CHF was arranged every 3-6 months or on the basis of the participant’s condition. During regular clinical visits, participants could provide their health information via the mobile app at home and browse the Web-based platform at any time. As for participants with CHF who were at high risk of arrhythmia, a smart health tracking device was provided to record and send health parameters at any moment. Owing to the remote consultation function of the mobile app, patients could contact with the general practitioner 24 hours a day if they felt uncomfortable. Subsequently, they would receive feedback about their measurements, education about their symptoms and their diseases, reminders, and encouragement to follow care plans [18].

    The general practitioners in community hospitals examined the data submitted by the participants and artificially identified abnormal or worsening health data of participants. Depending on the risk level of the participant, the general practitioners would send out a phone confirmation or perform other interventions, such as consulting experienced cardiologists at our regional central hospital. In some cases, the result may be a referral patient to a superior hospital through a green passage. Usually, general practitioners would initiate weekly interactive voice calls to assess the health status and provide technical support on the use of digital devices. Changes in the health status of each participant would be reported on the remote monitoring service platform in the electronic medical records form monthly by general practitioners. The comorbidities and medication would be kept up to date, as they were the reasons for adjusting the treatment regimen.

    Experienced cardiology specialists in regional central hospitals, through the app’s audio and video system, conducted weekly ward rounds for patients reported to be critically ill by general practitioners, tailored CHF management, and adjusted outpatient visit schedules according to the clinical situation of each participant. In addition, experts regularly held remote video lectures on the treatment and management of CHF and provided free training for general practitioners throughout the study.

    A unique feature of this project was the collaborative work between general practitioners and cardiologists using a Web-based platform, a variety of intelligent health tracking devices, and mobile apps to achieve a comprehensive and personalized intervention for patients with CHF.

    ‎
    Figure 4. The hospital-community-family–based telehealth program in patients with chronic heart failure. EMR: electronic medical record.
    View this figure

    Outcome Measures

    Usability of the HCF intervention for patients was assessed based on the 12-item Perceived Health Web Site Usability Questionnaire [19], which is a widely used tool to assess usability for a variety of technologies. It consists of three separate components that ask about a patient’s satisfaction with the intervention, the ease of use, and the effectiveness. All items were rated on a 1-7 scale. Responses were averaged for each component and across all items. In this study, the Cronbach alpha for satisfaction, ease of use, usefulness, and overall usability were .81, .74, .82, and .83, respectively. The physician’s satisfaction with the intervention was assessed through self-reported questionnaires.

    At the beginning and end of the study, lifestyle and health behaviors of participants were collected by interview, which would be used to assess changes in self-management for participants. Engagement with the intervention was assessed objectively via daily Web portal log-ins and use of the mobile app, including data uploading, remote consultations, and electronic medical record viewing. During the interview, a qualitative method was used to examine perceptions of the intervention components for participants.

    Data Analyses

    Descriptive statistics were computed for participants’ characteristics and all outcome variables. Data were presented as numbers and percentages for categorical variables and mean and standard deviations for continuous variables. The Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for nonparametric data were used to assess satisfaction with the HCF intervention. Differences between categorical variables were analyzed by the Chi-square test when P<.05 was considered statistically significant.


    Baseline Characteristics of Participants

    As of February 2018, of the 105 patients with CHF assessed for eligibility, 70 subjects met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in this study. Of the 70 participants, 4 (6%) dropped out from the study: 2 of them were lost to follow-up and 2 others withdrew voluntarily because they had migrated abroad and were unable to visit outpatient clinics periodically. The final analysis was performed in 66 (94%) participants who completed the baseline and 4-month measurements. All demographic information for participants who completed the study is shown in Table 1.

    Table 1. Baseline demographic characteristics of the study participants.
    CharacteristicsValues
    Age (years), mean (SD)69.35 (11.15)
    Sex, n

    		Male34

    		Female32
    Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SE)22.17 (1.69)
    Clinical history, n (%)

    		Hypertension37 (56)
    Coronary heart disease11 (17)
    Valvular heart disease11 (17)
    Atrial fibrillation32 (48)
    Cardiomyopathy23 (35)
    Diabetes22 (33)
    Medications, n (%)

    		Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blocker36 (55)
    Beta blocker40 (61)
    Diuretic32 (48)
    Digitalis21 (32)
    Ivabradine0 (0)
    Device, n (%)

    		Cardiac resynchronization therapy3 (5)
    New York Heart Association, n (%)

    		I11 (17)
    II32 (48)
    III23 (35)
    IV0 (0)
    Education, n (%)

    		Less than high school51 (77)
    High school degree or more15 (23)
    Home caregiver, n (%)

    		Spouse34 (52)
    Relative21 (32)
    Other11 (17)
    Monthly income (CNY $), n (%)

    		≤40031 (47)
    400-80021 (32)
    ≥80014 (21)

    Accomplishments of the Hospital-Community-Family–Based Telehealth Program

    Participants uploaded data elements recorded by themselves or their caregivers weekly via the mobile app, submitting a total of 1096 reports. Data and the trend diagram of health parameters from one of the participants, analyzed and generated automatically by the platform, is shown in Figure 5. In addition, 294 electronic medical records were recorded on the remote monitoring service platform. Throughout the study period, general practitioners consulted the experienced cardiologists in the regional central hospital remotely 89 times by the mobile app, and one participant was transferred to a superior hospital. Cardiologists completed 196 remote ward rounds and gave advice on adjustments of medications and lifestyle to participants. A total of eight remote interventions failed because of wireless network problems and operational errors by patients.

    ‎
    Figure 5. Data trends of a person on the remote monitoring service platform. HR: heart rate; BP: blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; 6MWD: 6-min walk distance.
    View this figure

    Participants and Physicians’ Experience of the Hospital-Community-Family Intervention

    As shown in Table 2, the overall usability of the program was slightly above the midpoint of the 1-7 scale. Participants rated their satisfaction with and usefulness of the HCF intervention higher than they rated the ease of use of the HCF intervention.

    At the end of the study, 23 physicians, including 18 general practitioners and 5 experienced cardiologists, were surveyed. Results from the survey data showed that 21 (91%) physicians believed that this remote hierarchical management program improves management efficiency, with 20 (87%) physicians stating their professional knowledge can always be refreshed and enhanced through the library hosted on the platform and remote consultation, and all 23 (100%) physicians firmly believed that the program should be explored and promoted on a larger scale.

    Table 2. Participant-reported usability of hospital-community-family intervention (average scores; possible range=1-7; higher scores indicate greater overall usability, higher degree of satisfaction, easier use, and better effectiveness of the hospital-community-family intervention).
    Usability of interventionMean (SD)Range
    Overall usability4.79 (1.03)2.00-7.00
    Satisfaction5.04 (0.89)3.00-7.00
    Ease of use4.40 (1.08)2.00-7.00
    Usefulness4.69 (1.09)2.00-7.00

    Feedback on Intervention Components

    Most participants indicated that they found the mobile app useful as a tool to track CHF-related information, contact clinicians easily, and be reminded to take their medication, and they were also able to share their logged information with the people whom they trust most, such as family members or close friends who could help them during their medical appointments. Participants also responded positively to the knowledge propaganda feature of the remote monitoring service platform, which provided them with useful information, particularly relating to sustaining health. The participants were more interested in smart health tracking devices, which could help them keep track of health conditions anywhere, so that they felt more secure and involved in their own care. Generally, most of them were somewhat or very willing to recommend the telehealth program to patients with CHF around them. We also heard a few complaints about the components that negatively affected their experience. These complaints were mainly focused on the complex operation steps and the consumption of mobile data traffic. Moreover, one patient complained that voice or video call is the largest segment of mobile data traffic unless they can directly connect to the Wi-Fi. Another older patient said that operating this complicated system has more or less obstacles for him.

    Engagement With the Intervention

    The overall engagement with the two main components of the intervention (ie, the mobile app and the Web platform) was assessed by participants or their caregivers’ usage logging. More than 60% (40/66) of the study participants showed great adherence to the HCF-based telehealth program, which was defined as the use of the app or the access of Web platform more than once a week and the visit of specialist clinics as scheduled during the study period. Although most of them engaged through the mobile app, 12 participants (18%) who displayed high adherence to the program were found to have used the mobile app and the Web platform simultaneously. In addition, 79% (52/66) of the patients maintained a consistent pattern of reporting and viewing their data over the course of the 4-month follow-up period. We found that overall engagement decreased following the first 8 weeks, but 40 of the 66 participants continued to engage with the care plan throughout each week of the study. Moreover, nearly one-third (21/66) of the participants used a mobile app by themselves, and the rest were mostly family members or caregivers.

    Changes in Lifestyle and Health Behaviors

    As shown in Table 3, the program may also have some value in improving health behaviors (increasing fruit and vegetable intake, controlling BP and weight, and reducing salt intake) and drug compliance in participants.

    Table 3. Changes in lifestyle and health behaviors.
    Lifestyle and health behaviorsBaseline, n (%)At 4 months, n (%)P value
    Diet

    		Low salt, low fat, and low sugar37 (56)48 (73).046

    		More fruits or vegetables22 (33)35 (53).02
    Self-monitoring

    		Blood pressure15 (23)41 (62)<.001

    		Weight5 (8)19 (29).002
    Medicine adherence

    		Correct daily dosages41 (62)55 (83).006

    		Correct time35 (53)46 (70).049

    Principal Findings

    This is a prospective experimental study to investigate the feasibility of the HCF-based telehealth program in patients with CHF. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the use of such a telehealth program incorporating remote monitoring service platforms, mobile apps, and smart health tracking devices to manage patients with CHF at their own homes. The initial results have been achieved in the program. The results indicate that satisfaction and participation of doctors and patients are relatively higher; meanwhile, the patients’ lifestyle has been effectively improved. Our research is expected to lay a foundation for further large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials related to remote hierarchical medical care.

    Comparison With Prior Work

    The main contribution of this program lies in the development of a remote hierarchical management system centered on patients with CHF. This system has multiple intelligent tracking devices that can support patients’ self-care at home and strengthen communications among patients, medical service providers, and home caregivers for better care transition and coordination. To our knowledge, this is one of few systems with collaborative work between general practitioners and cardiologists for HF remote hierarchical management through remote monitoring service platforms, mobile apps, and smart health tracking devices.

    This paper presented the design and use of the HCF-based telehealth program for patients with CHF. Similar to other pilot studies [20], we focused on user perceptions and experience because user perspective was the most important dimension in the development phase of telehealth projects [21,22]. According to the interviews of participants, their family members, and physicians, they were generally satisfied with the service. The CHF management team was key in engaging patients to participate the program; the benefits of the program also include support in recording and tracking health status, encouragement and reassurance received from medical staff, timely detection, recognition and management of subtle changes in the condition, and more convenient and faster communication among all participants. Previous investigation showed that physicians did not seem very enthusiastic about telemedicine. The main causes of such opposition were found to be the lack of a medical services delivery system and a professional management team [23]. The HCF-based telehealth program can serve as a platform for providing more continuous care, linking primary and specialty care to support management of patients with severe and chronic diseases. Some physicians perceived the platform to be effective as a communication tool to share data in a timely, accurate, and visual manner, so that they can be armed with all relevant health information contained in one system, especially in an emergency or unfamiliar health care setting, for care planning.

    The poor compliance of patients is a major obstacle to the management of most chronic diseases [24,25]. An earlier large trial showed that 14% of the intervention patients never used their equipment, and only 55% were still using the system at the end of the study (6 months from the baseline) [26]. Our most significant finding was that 79% of patients maintained a consistent pattern of reporting and viewing their data over the course of the 4-month follow-up period. In contrast, we found higher engagement levels over the course of the study. A possible explanation for this findings is the user friendliness of digital devices and that family-targeted self-care interventions [27] may play an important role in promoting patient compliance. The caregiver app will show the patient’s real-time data (with the patient’s consent) and receive messages from the patient’s health care providers, so that he/she can help monitor the patient’s health. In fact, telehealth apps have been used to enhance patient-caregiver engagement [28]. Inviting family members or caregivers in training sessions was effective for older adults to continue to adopt the telehealth tools in their daily life. To date, educational interventions intentionally including family involvement in the care of patients with CHF are few, although such family involvement is explicitly recommended in the existing CHF management guidelines [29].

    In accordance with reports from the World Health Organization, nearly two-thirds of people’s quality of life and health status lies with their lifestyle and health behaviors, and 53% of the death causes were also associated with lifestyle and personal behaviors. Therefore, we can say that elderly individuals who adopt improved health behaviors would experience a healthy old age [30]. Emerging evidence suggests that telehealth interventions may improve self-care behaviors and disease management for elderly patients [11,31,32]. The Web-based social networks acting as an active communication framework can be an effective means of promoting healthy lifestyles [33]. In the study, patients were encouraged to document their conditions and medicine use and then received personalized health coaching tailored for their individual situation through face-to-face communications, which can intensify the patient’s health behaviors, medication adherence, and self-management ability. One possible reason is that the use of mobile health via an app with real-time representation of data trends would strengthen patient empowerment and decision making in self-management. They felt more empowered and confident to perform their self-care activities at home with the help of the program.

    Limitations

    This study had some limitations. First, our sample size was small, and the duration of intervention was short. In addition, as this was only a feasibility pilot study, we did not conduct a formal sample size calculation. Furthermore, this was a single-arm, experimental, prospective design study rather than a randomized evaluation and may be not powered to detect the effects of the intervention on clinical outcomes. Large-scale randomized prospective controlled studies will be necessary to test the program. In addition, those who participated in our study were predominantly elderly patients with CHF having varying socioeconomic and educational backgrounds; this limits the generalizability of our findings and precludes us from extrapolating the findings from this study to other populations. Finally, because of technical restriction, semiautomatic input of data in this program greatly wastes human resources and possibly increases the error rate.

    Conclusions

    Given the serious and complex condition of patients with CHF, a more convenient and effective access to medical services is urgently needed, especially in remote areas. The HCF-based telehealth program offers them a glimmer of light. On the basis of remote monitoring service platform, mobile app, intelligent health tracking device, and professional management team, this study realized remote hierarchical management of patients with CHF. This study provided evidence on the feasibility of HCF-based telehealth program, potentially enhancing the opportunities and incentives for patients with CHF and their families to participate in self-management. In addition, it may lay the foundation for further large-scale randomized controlled studies. In the near future, we would like to expand the HCF-based telehealth program to other cardiovascular diseases such as atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease, and stroke.

    Acknowledgments

    This trial was financed by the project of the Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province (funding code: BL2013022). We would like to express our sincere thanks to Shu-Hang Miao, Qing-Qing Shi, Meng-Yuan Dai, Min Gu, Suo-Ya Pan, Mei-Qian Wu, Hai-Yan Li, You-Jin Chen, and other cardiovascular clinic staff and patients involved and the research team at the Network Information Center for making this study possible (including Yi-Jun Ju and Lu Chen of the Information Department of Subei People’s Hospital, Xiao-Chao Ding of Information Academy of Yangzhou University, and Yue Shen of King OPTO-Electronic).

    Conflicts of Interest

    None declared.

    1. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015 Jan 27;131(4):e29-322. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    2. Shah KS, Xu H, Matsouaka RA, Bhatt DL, Heidenreich PA, Hernandez AF, et al. Heart failure with preserved, borderline, and reduced ejection fraction: 5-year outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017 Nov 14;70(20):2476-2486 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    3. Tuppin P, Cuerq A, de Peretti C, Fagot-Campagna A, Danchin N, Juillière Y, et al. Two-year outcome of patients after a first hospitalization for heart failure: a national observational study. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2014 Mar;107(3):158-168 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    4. Khan H, Greene SJ, Fonarow GC, Kalogeropoulos AP, Ambrosy AP, Maggioni AP, EVEREST Trial Investigators. Length of hospital stay and 30-day readmission following heart failure hospitalization: insights from the EVEREST trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2015 Oct;17(10):1022-1031 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    5. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 2013 Oct 15;128(16):1810-1852. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    6. Ziaeian B, Sharma PP, Yu T, Johnson KW, Fonarow GC. Factors associated with variations in hospital expenditures for acute heart failure in the United States. Am Heart J 2015 Feb;169(2):282-9.e15 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    7. Nissen L, Lindhardt T. A qualitative study of COPD-patients' experience of a telemedicine intervention. Int J Med Inform 2017 Nov;107:11-17. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    8. Gu X, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Sun L, Bao Z, Shen J, et al. Effect of telehealth interventions on major cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Geriatr Cardiol 2017 Aug;14(8):501-508 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    9. Bernocchi P, Vitacca M, La Rovere MT, Volterrani M, Galli T, Baratti D, et al. Home-based telerehabilitation in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure: a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing 2018 Jan 1;47(1):82-88. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    10. Inglis SC, Clark RA, Dierckx R, Prieto-Merino D, Cleland JG. Structured telephone support or non-invasive telemonitoring for patients with heart failure. Heart 2017 Feb 15;103(4):255-257. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    11. Piette JD, List J, Rana GK, Townsend W, Striplin D, Heisler M. Mobile health devices as tools for worldwide cardiovascular risk reduction and disease management. Circulation 2015 Nov 24;132(21):2012-2027 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    12. Jiang X, Ming W, You JH. The cost-effectiveness of digital health interventions on the management of cardiovascular diseases: systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2019 Jun 17;21(6):e13166 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    13. Bussières S, Tanguay A, Hébert D, Fleet R. Unité de Coordination Clinique des Services Préhospitaliers d'Urgence: A clinical telemedicine platform that improves prehospital and community health care for rural citizens. J Telemed Telecare 2017 Jan;23(1):188-194. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    14. Haas K, Hayoz S, Maurer-Wiesner S. Effectiveness and feasibility of a remote lifestyle intervention by dietitians for overweight and obese adults: pilot study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019 Apr 11;7(4):e12289 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    15. Grustam AS, Severens JL, de Massari D, Buyukkaramikli N, Koymans R, Vrijhoef HJ. Cost-effectiveness analysis in telehealth: a comparison between home telemonitoring, nurse telephone support, and usual care in chronic heart failure management. Value Health 2018 Jul;21(7):772-782 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    16. Marcelle ET, Nolting L, Hinshaw SP, Aguilera A. Effectiveness of a multimodal digital psychotherapy platform for adult depression: a naturalistic feasibility study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019 Jan 23;7(1):e10948 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    17. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, Authors/Task Force Members, Document Reviewers. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2016 Aug;18(8):891-975 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    18. Schmidt C, Öner A, Mann M, Krockenberger K, Abbondanzieri M, Brandewiede B, et al. A novel integrated care concept (NICC) versus standard care in the treatment of chronic cardiovascular diseases: protocol for the randomized controlled trial CardioCare MV. Trials 2018 Feb 20;19(1):120 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    19. Nahm E, Resnick B, Mills ME. Development and pilot-testing of the perceived health Web Site usability questionnaire (PHWSUQ) for older adults. Stud Health Technol Inform 2006;122:38-43. [Medline]
    20. Selter A, Tsangouri C, Ali SB, Freed D, Vatchinsky A, Kizer J, et al. An mHealth app for self-management of chronic lower back pain (Limbr): pilot study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018 Sep 17;6(9):e179 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    21. Farnia T, Jaulent M, Steichen O. Evaluation criteria of noninvasive telemonitoring for patients with heart failure: systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2018 Jan 16;20(1):e16 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    22. Anderson K, Burford O, Emmerton L. Mobile health apps to facilitate self-care: a qualitative study of user experiences. PLoS One 2016;11(5):e0156164 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    23. Choi WS, Park J, Choi JY, Yang JS. Stakeholders' resistance to telemedicine with focus on physicians: Utilizing the Delphi technique. J Telemed Telecare 2019 Jul;25(6):378-385. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    24. Lee H, Park J, Choi SW, Yoon YE, Park HE, Lee SE, et al. Impact of a telehealth program with voice recognition technology in patients with chronic heart failure: feasibility study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017 Oct 2;5(10):e127 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    25. Ware P, Dorai M, Ross HJ, Cafazzo JA, Laporte A, Boodoo C, et al. Patient adherence to a mobile phone-based heart failure telemonitoring program: a longitudinal mixed-methods study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019 Feb 26;7(2):e13259 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    26. Chaudhry SI, Mattera JA, Curtis JP, Spertus JA, Herrin J, Lin Z, et al. Telemonitoring in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2010 Dec 9;363(24):2301-2309 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    27. Deek H, Chang S, Newton PJ, Noureddine S, Inglis SC, Arab GA, et al. An evaluation of involving family caregivers in the self-care of heart failure patients on hospital readmission: Randomised controlled trial (the FAMILY study). Int J Nurs Stud 2017 Oct;75:101-111. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    28. Piette JD, Striplin D, Marinec N, Chen J, Aikens JE. A randomized trial of mobile health support for heart failure patients and their informal caregivers: impacts on caregiver-reported outcomes. Med Care 2015 Aug;53(8):692-699 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    29. McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, Böhm M, Dickstein K, Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2012 Aug;14(8):803-869 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    30. Cowie MR, Bax J, Bruining N, Cleland JG, Koehler F, Malik M, et al. e-Health: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2016 Jan 1;37(1):63-66 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    31. Rubinstein A, Miranda JJ, Beratarrechea A, Diez-Canseco F, Kanter R, Gutierrez L, GISMAL group. Effectiveness of an mHealth intervention to improve the cardiometabolic profile of people with prehypertension in low-resource urban settings in Latin America: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016 Jan;4(1):52-63. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    32. Piette JD, Striplin D, Marinec N, Chen J, Trivedi RB, Aron DC, et al. A mobile health intervention supporting heart failure patients and their informal caregivers: a randomized comparative effectiveness trial. J Med Internet Res 2015 Jun 10;17(6):e142 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    33. Meeker D, Goldberg J, Kim KK, Peneva D, Campos HD, Maclean R, et al. Patient Commitment to Health (PACT-Health) in the Heart Failure Population: a focus group study of an active communication framework for patient-centered health behavior change. J Med Internet Res 2019 Aug 6;21(8):e12483 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]

    ‎
    BP: blood pressure
    CHF: chronic heart failure
    ECG: electrocardiogram
    HCF: hospital-community-family

    Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 23.12.18; peer-reviewed by JB Park, O Steichen; comments to author 11.04.19; revised version received 06.06.19; accepted 26.09.19; published 13.12.19

    Copyright

    ©Xiaorong Guo, Xiang Gu, Jiang Jiang, Hongxiao Li, Ruoyu Duan, Yi Zhang, Lei Sun, Zhengyu Bao, Jianhua Shen, Fukun Chen. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 13.12.2019.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://mhealth.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.