Use of the Smartphone App WhatsApp as an E-Learning Method for Medical Residents: Multicenter Controlled Randomized Trial

Thomas Clavier   ^{1 *} , MD, MSc ;   Julie Ramen   ^{2 *} , MD ;   Bertrand Dureuil   ² , MD, PhD ;   Benoit Veber   ² , MD, PhD ;   Jean-Luc Hanouz   ³ , MD, PhD ;   Hervé Dupont   ⁴ , MD, PhD ;   Gilles Lebuffe   ⁵ , MD, PhD ;   Emmanuel Besnier   ¹ , MD, MSc ;   Vincent Compere   ² , MD, PhD

¹ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical care, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

² Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

³ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Caen University Hospital, Normandie Université, Caen, France

⁴ Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France

⁵ Pôle d’Anesthésie-Réanimation, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

*these authors contributed equally